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FIGURE 3-1 A RWD drivetrain uses a transmission to provide the necessary gear ratio and a single
driveshaft to transfer power to the rear axle (a). A FWD drivetrain uses a transaxle that combines the
transmission, final drive, and differential (b). A driveshaft is used for each of the two front drive wheels.
FIGURE 3-2 Transverse (a) and longitudinal (b) mounted FWD drivetrains. Note
that B can easily be redesigned to drive a shaft to the rear wheels of a 4WD or
AWD vehicle.
FIGURE 3-3 Torque is a twisting force like that produced when you pull on a wrench.
FIGURE 3-5 The common methods of transferring torque are belt, gear,
and chain.
FIGURE 3-6 Transmissions and transaxles are designed with a torque capacity to
match the engine with which it is used. (Reprinted with permission of General
Motors)
GEAR RATIOS
The term gear ratio refers to the relative size of two
gears (a gearset).
The ratio can be determined using either the
diameter or the number of teeth on the two gears.
A pair of gears of different size will have different
numbers of teeth, and the number of teeth is
directly related to the diameter of the gears.
GEAR RATIOS
GEAR RATIOS
GEAR RATIOS
FIGURE 3-9 The forward gear ratios of a five-speed transmission are shown along
with mph speed of the vehicle per 1,000 rpms of engine speed. The overall gear
ratio is determined by multiplying the transmission gear ratio by the final drive ratio.
A final drive ratio of 3.55:1 and a first-gear ratio of 3.97:1 will produce an overall ratio
of 14.09:1.
GEAR RATIOS
FIGURE 3-10 The teeth of a spur gear (a) are cut parallel to the shaft, which
produces a straight pressure between the driving and driven gears. The teeth of a
helical gear (b) are cut on a slant, which causes an axial or side thrust.
GEAR RATIOS
FIGURE 3-11 The three major styles of bevel gears are spur or plain bevel gears (a), spiral
bevel gears (b), and hypoid gears (c). Note the differences in the shape of their teeth.A worm
gearset (d) also transmits power between angled shafts. (Reprinted with permission of
General Motors)
GEAR RATIOS
GEAR RATIOS
Some important rules to learn about gearsets are:
Two mated external gears will always rotate in opposite
directions.
Mated internal and external gears will rotate in the same
direction.
An idler gear allows the drive and driven gears to rotate in
the same direction.
To find the ratio, divide the driven gear by the drive gear.
When power transfers through an even number (two or
four) of gears, the input and output gears will rotate in
opposite directions.
GEAR RATIOS
When power transfers through an uneven number (one,
three, or five) of gears, the input and output gears will
rotate in the same direction.
To find the overall ratio of multiple gearsets, multiply the
ratios of the gearsets.
Two gears transferring power push away from each other
in an action called gear separation. The gear separation
force is proportional to the torque being transferred.
All gearsets have backlash to prevent binding.
The smaller gear(s) in a gearset is often called a pinion.
GEAR RATIOS
FIGURE 3-13 The pitch diameter is the effective diameter of a gear. Note how the
contact points slide across the gear tooth. Backlash is the clearance on the
nonloaded side of the gear tooth.
TRACTIVE FORCE
An engineer uses the term tractive force to describe
the power in a vehicles drivetrain.
It is a product of the engines torque multiplied by
the gear ratio and can be plotted in a graph.
TRACTIVE FORCE
TRACTIVE FORCE
TRACTIVE FORCE
FIGURE 3-15 The speed of a vehicle is determined by the diameter of the drive
tires and how fast the tires are turned.
TRACTIVE FORCE
FIGURE 3-17 Power flows through each of the gear ranges of a five-speed, RWD, standard transmission.
Note that the synchronizer sleeves are used to shift the power flow. (Courtesy of Chrysler Corporation)
FIGURE 3-17 (CONTINUED) Power flows through each of the gear ranges of a five-speed, RWD, standard
transmission. Note that the synchronizer sleeves are used to shift the power flow. (Courtesy of Chrysler
Corporation)
FIGURE 3-17 (CONTINUED) Power flows through each of the gear ranges of a five-speed, RWD, standard
transmission. Note that the synchronizer sleeves are used to shift the power flow. (Courtesy of Chrysler
Corporation)
FIGURE 3-18 The shift fork slides the synchronizer sleeve into mesh with the dog teeth of the desired gear
(a). This allows torque to be transferred between the speed gear and the synchronizer hub. An exploded
view of a synchronizer assembly (b) shows all of the parts. (a is courtesy of Chrysler Corporation)
FIGURE 3-19 A clutch cover (pressure plate assembly) is bolted onto the
flywheel with the clutch disc between them (a). The release bearing and
fork provide a method to release the clutch. When the clutch is engaged,
the disc is squeezed against the flywheel by the pressure plate (b).
Releasing the clutch separates the disc from the flywheel and pressure
plate.
Automatic Transmissions and Transaxles, Fourth Edition
By Tom Birch and Chuck Rockwood
FIGURE 3-21 A simple planetary gearset is a combination of a sun gear, a planet carrier with a group of
planet pinion gears, and an annulus/ring gear (a). A transmission planetary gear train contains a
combination of complex gearsets (b). (Courtesy of Chrysler Corporation)
FIGURE 3-24 A cutaway and an exploded view of a Simpson gear train. Note that the gearset uses a double
sun gear with two carriers and ring gears. The two clutches allow either the forward ring gear or the sun gear
to be driven. The two bands allow either the sun gear or the rear carrier to be held in reaction. The one-way
clutch will keep the rear carrier from turning counterclockwise. (Courtesy of Chrysler Corporation)
Automatic Transmissions and Transaxles, Fourth Edition
By Tom Birch and Chuck Rockwood
CONTROL DEVICES
Power flow through a gearset is accomplished by
the control devices: the clutches, bands, and oneway clutches.
They are also called apply devices or friction
members.
A gearset has several paths for power flow, and
each path provides a different gear ratio
CONTROL DEVICES
CONTROL DEVICES
CONTROL DEVICES
FIGURE 3-27 Fluid pressure forces the piston against the clutch pack to apply a
clutch (left). When the fluid pressure is released, the return springs push the piston
away from the clutch pack (right). (Courtesy of Toyota Motor Sales USA, Inc.)
CONTROL DEVICES
FIGURE 3-28 A band is applied when fluid pressure forces the piston and rod inward
(right). When the pressure is released, a spring pushes the piston back (left).
(Courtesy of Toyota Motor Sales USA, Inc.)
CONTROL DEVICES
FIGURE 3-29 Two types of one-way clutches. The roller clutch (a) will release if the inner race turns
clockwise and lock up if it turns counterclockwise. The sprag clutch (b) will operate in the same manner.
TRANSMISSION HYDRAULICS
As soon as the engine starts, a pump driven by the
torque converter sends fluid into the transmissions
hydraulic passages.
Fluid is pumped from the sump in the transmission
pan into the hydraulic circuit where the pressure
and flow is controlled by the valve body.
This fluid pressure is used to:
Apply the clutches and bands,
Maintain a full torque converter so it can transmit power,
and
Lubricate and cool the internal parts of the transmission.
Automatic Transmissions and Transaxles, Fourth Edition
By Tom Birch and Chuck Rockwood
TRANSMISSION HYDRAULICS
TRANSMISSION HYDRAULICS
FIGURE 3-31 The end of this transmission case shows most of the
fluid passages. These connect the valve body to passages in the
case.
TRANSMISSION HYDRAULICS
The valve body contains most of the transmissions control
valves.
Sometimes, there are one or more valves elsewhere.
The major valves used in nonelectronic transmissions are as
follows:
Manual valve
Pressure regulator
Throttle or modulator valve
Governor
Shift valves
Shift modifier valves
Torque converter clutch valve
TRANSMISSION HYDRAULICS
TORQUE CONVERTERS
Every automatic
transmission uses a torque
converter to transfer power
from the engine to the
transmission.
FIGURE 3-35 Some transaxles use a planetary gearset for the final drive
reduction. Part 274 is the internal gear (stationary),536 is the sun gear (input), and
39 is the planet carrier (output). The carrier also contains the differential gears.
(Courtesy of Slauson Transmission Parts,www.slauson.com)
FIGURE 3-38 When a vehicle turns a corner, the front wheels must go
faster than the rear, and the outside wheels must turn faster than the
inside wheels.
Automatic Transmissions and Transaxles, Fourth Edition
By Tom Birch and Chuck Rockwood
FIGURE 3-40 This AWD transaxle has an output shaft to drive the
rear wheels (at left). The interaxle differential is between the
transfer gears for the rear and those that send power to the front
final drive gears and differential. (Courtesy of ZF Group North
American Operations)
Automatic Transmissions and Transaxles, Fourth Edition
By Tom Birch and Chuck Rockwood
FIGURE 3-41 This transaxle has an output shaft for each of the front wheels
plus a dog clutch and transfer gears to drive a rear axle (lower right).
Automatic Transmissions and Transaxles, Fourth Edition
By Tom Birch and Chuck Rockwood
FIGURE 3-44 A dual-clutch transmission, also called an automated manual transmission (AMT),
uses two clutches (a). One of them drives the oddnumbered gears, and other drives the evennumbered ones (b). The acuators that apply the clutches and shift the synchronizers are operated
by a control module (c).
Automatic Transmissions and Transaxles, Fourth Edition
By Tom Birch and Chuck Rockwood
FIGURE 3-46 CVTs in low (a) and high (b) ratios. The ratio changes to high ratio
because the drive pulley squeezes together, moving it to maximum diameter; the
driven pulley will spread apart for minimum diameter. When the vehicle is at rest, the
drive pulley will be spread apart and the driven pulley will be squeezed together.
Honda Hybrid
Toyota Hybrid
Ford Hybrid
General Motors Hybrid
Nissan Hybrid
FIGURE 3-48 This hybrid drive system (HDS) combines a gasoline engine, an
electric motor, and a generator with some rather complex electronic controls. The
vehicle can be powered by the electric motor along with the engine as needed. The
generator will help stop the vehicle using regenerative braking.
FIGURE 3-49 This HDS motor uses 274 volts to produce 44 horsepower (a). The
generator (b) can be driven by the engine when electricity is needed or the drive
wheels during braking. The power split device (c) allows the engine to drive either
the rear wheels or the generator.
FIGURE 3-53 The dual tensioner system allows the drive belt to turn the alternator/starter during charging
mode and allows the alternator/starter to turn the crankshaft during starting (a). Note the three idlers
(arrows) to keep the belt very tight. The controller and orange HV wires are shown in (b).
SUMMARY
1. Transmissions provide the needed gear ratios to
operate a vehicle.
2. Gear ratios multiply torque and reduce the speed
or increase the speed as torque decreases.
3. Planetary gearsets are the most common
automatic transmission gear trains.
4. A simple planetary gearset can provide seven
driving modes and neutral.
5. Combinations of planetary gearsets provide two,
three, four, or more forward gear ranges.
Automatic Transmissions and Transaxles, Fourth Edition
By Tom Birch and Chuck Rockwood
SUMMARY
6. Clutches, band clutches, and one-way clutches are
used to control planetary members.
7. Automatic transmissions are controlled
hydraulically and/or electronically.
8. Torque converters provide the engine-totransmission coupling and provide an automatic
clutch.
9. In an effort to better control emissions and fuel
economy, new automatic transmission drivetrains
are being developed.
Automatic Transmissions and Transaxles, Fourth Edition
By Tom Birch and Chuck Rockwood
REVIEW QUESTIONS
1. The abbreviation used to describe front wheel drive is
_________, and the engine is usually mounted in a
_________ position.
2. Torque is a twisting force that is commonly measured in
_________, _________, and _________.
3. Five foot-pounds of torque equals _________ inch-pounds.
4. When the transmission increases torque, _________ is
decreased.
5. Many transmission manufacturers include the _________
as part of the identifying code for the transmission.
REVIEW QUESTIONS
6. A gearset with a 12-tooth drive gear and a 24-tooth driven
gear has a gear ratio of _________.
7. A gearset with a 10-tooth drive gear and a 24-tooth driven
gear has a gear ratio of _________.
8. If a transmission has a gear ratio of 3:1 in first gear and the
final drive ratio is 4:1, the overall ratio would be _________.
9. Three names used to describe an internal cut transmission
gear are _________, _________, and _________.
10. Two meshed external gears will rotate in the _________
direction. An external gear meshed with an internal gear will
rotate in the _________ direction.
REVIEW QUESTIONS
11. A vehicle with a tire diameter of 48 inches and a gear ratio
of 12:1 is traveling at 30 mph. How fast is the engine
turning?
12. How fast would a vehicle be traveling if the engine was
turning at 3,500 rpm, if the overall drive ratio was 10:1, and
the tires were 45 inches in diameter?
13. A standard transmission will shift smoothly if the
synchronizer sleeve and driven gear are turning at the same
_________.
14. The front of the transmission is the part that is closest to the
_________.
15. The three members of a simple planetary set are the
_________, _________, and _________.
Automatic Transmissions and Transaxles, Fourth Edition
By Tom Birch and Chuck Rockwood
REVIEW QUESTIONS
16. When the planet gears move around a stationary gear, the
action is known as _________.
17. The most common compound planetary gearset is known
as the _________ gear train.
18. The three types of control (apply) devices used in automatic
transmissions are _________, _________, and _________.
19. List seven major valves used in a valve body of an
automatic transmission.
20. The four major components of a typical, modern torque
converter are _________, _________, _________, and
_________.
REVIEW QUESTIONS
21. Modern torque converters have a _________ that is applied
during cruise conditions to eliminate torque converter
slippage.
22. The _________ allows the drive wheels to rotate at different
speeds when rounding a corner.
23. The two types of drivetrains that power all four wheels of a
vehicle are _________ and _________.
24. _________ and _________ are vehicle manufacturers that
do not use planetary gearsets in their automatic
transmissions.
25. An alternative to the conventional automatic transmission
for small vehicles is known as a _________, _________,
_________.
26. The use of an internal combustion engine and an electric
motor is known as a _________ drive system.
Automatic Transmissions and Transaxles, Fourth Edition
By Tom Birch and Chuck Rockwood
CHAPTER QUIZ
1. The transmission provides _________.
a)
b)
c)
d)
CHAPTER QUIZ
1. The transmission provides _________.
a)
b)
c)
d)
CHAPTER QUIZ
2. Student A says that the turning force produced in
an engine is called horsepower. Student B says
that the turning force produced by an engine is
called torque. Who is correct?
a)
b)
c)
d)
Student A
Student B
Both A and B
Neither A nor B
CHAPTER QUIZ
2. Student A says that the turning force produced in
an engine is called horsepower. Student B says
that the turning force produced by an engine is
called torque. Who is correct?
a)
b)
c)
d)
Student A
Student B
Both A and B
Neither A nor B
CHAPTER QUIZ
3. Student A says that a 2:1 gear ratio will double the
amount of torque. Student B says that a 2:1 gear
ratio will reduce the speed by half. Who is correct?
a)
b)
c)
d)
Student A
Student B
Both A and B
Neither A nor B
CHAPTER QUIZ
3. Student A says that a 2:1 gear ratio will double the
amount of torque. Student B says that a 2:1 gear
ratio will reduce the speed by half. Who is correct?
a)
b)
c)
d)
Student A
Student B
Both A and B
Neither A nor B
CHAPTER QUIZ
4. A gear ratio of 0.75:1 _________.
a)
b)
c)
d)
is an overdrive ratio
will offer only a small amount of torque increase
is a very low gear ratio
All of these
CHAPTER QUIZ
4. A gear ratio of 0.75:1 _________.
a)
b)
c)
d)
is an overdrive ratio
will offer only a small amount of torque increase
is a very low gear ratio
All of these
CHAPTER QUIZ
5. If the gear on the input shaft has 9 teeth and the
gear on the output shaft has 27 teeth, the gear
ratio will be _________.
a)
b)
c)
d)
2.5:1
0.33:1
3:1
None of these
CHAPTER QUIZ
5. If the gear on the input shaft has 9 teeth and the
gear on the output shaft has 27 teeth, the gear
ratio will be _________.
a)
b)
c)
d)
2.5:1
0.33:1
3:1
None of these
CHAPTER QUIZ
6. A vehicle has a transmission with a low gear ratio
of 2.5:1 and a final drive ratio of 3.5:1. The overall
gear ratio while operating in first gear will be
_________.
a)
b)
c)
d)
2.5:1
3.5:1
6:1
8.75:1
CHAPTER QUIZ
6. A vehicle has a transmission with a low gear ratio
of 2.5:1 and a final drive ratio of 3.5:1. The overall
gear ratio while operating in first gear will be
_________.
a)
b)
c)
d)
2.5:1
3.5:1
6:1
8.75:1
CHAPTER QUIZ
7. When one external gear drives another external
gear of the same size, the rotation of the driven
gear will be _________.
a)
b)
c)
d)
at a slower speed
at a faster speed
in the opposite direction
All of these
CHAPTER QUIZ
7. When one external gear drives another external
gear of the same size, the rotation of the driven
gear will be _________.
a)
b)
c)
d)
at a slower speed
at a faster speed
in the opposite direction
All of these
CHAPTER QUIZ
8. The clearance between two meshed gears is
called _________.
a)
b)
c)
d)
Backlash
side clearance
side thrust
end play
CHAPTER QUIZ
8. The clearance between two meshed gears is
called _________.
a)
b)
c)
d)
Backlash
side clearance
side thrust
end play
CHAPTER QUIZ
9. The speed of a vehicle is determined by the
_________.
a)
b)
c)
d)
CHAPTER QUIZ
9. The speed of a vehicle is determined by the
_________.
a)
b)
c)
d)
CHAPTER QUIZ
10. The amount of torque developed in a vehicles
drivetrain is called _________.
a)
b)
c)
d)
Power
tractive force
power train torque
All of these
CHAPTER QUIZ
10. The amount of torque developed in a vehicles
drivetrain is called _________.
a)
b)
c)
d)
Power
tractive force
power train torque
All of these
CHAPTER QUIZ
11. A planetary gearset is made up of a _________.
a)
b)
c)
d)
sun gear
ring gear
carrier and planet gears
All of these
CHAPTER QUIZ
11. A planetary gearset is made up of a _________.
a)
b)
c)
d)
sun gear
ring gear
carrier and planet gears
All of these
CHAPTER QUIZ
12. When the carrier is held and the sun or ring gear is
driven, the action of the planet gears will be to
_________.
a)
b)
c)
d)
Walk
be motionless in the carrier
Idle
None of these
CHAPTER QUIZ
12. When the carrier is held and the sun or ring gear is
driven, the action of the planet gears will be to
_________.
a)
b)
c)
d)
Walk
be motionless in the carrier
Idle
None of these
CHAPTER QUIZ
13. When the carrier is driven while the sun gear is
held, the action of the planet gears will be to
_________.
a)
b)
c)
d)
Walk
be motionless in the carrier
Idle
None of these
CHAPTER QUIZ
13. When the carrier is driven while the sun gear is
held, the action of the planet gears will be to
_________.
a)
b)
c)
d)
Walk
be motionless in the carrier
Idle
None of these
CHAPTER QUIZ
14. A Simpson gear train uses _________.
a)
b)
c)
d)
CHAPTER QUIZ
14. A Simpson gear train uses _________.
a)
b)
c)
d)
CHAPTER QUIZ
15. Student A says that a clutch in an automatic
transmission is applied by spring pressure and
released by fluid pressure. Student B says that a
band in an automatic transmission is applied by
fluid pressure and released by fluid or spring
pressure. Who is correct?
a)
b)
c)
d)
Student A
Student B
Both A and B
Neither A nor B
CHAPTER QUIZ
15. Student A says that a clutch in an automatic
transmission is applied by spring pressure and
released by fluid pressure. Student B says that a
band in an automatic transmission is applied by
fluid pressure and released by fluid or spring
pressure. Who is correct?
a)
b)
c)
d)
Student A
Student B
Both A and B
Neither A nor B
CHAPTER QUIZ
16. Student A says that a reaction member keeps a
part of the gearset from rotating. Student B says
that a reaction member is always applied by
hydraulic pressure. Who is correct?
a)
b)
c)
d)
Student A
Student B
Both A and B
Neither A nor B
CHAPTER QUIZ
16. Student A says that a reaction member keeps a
part of the gearset from rotating. Student B says
that a reaction member is always applied by
hydraulic pressure. Who is correct?
a)
b)
c)
d)
Student A
Student B
Both A and B
Neither A nor B
CHAPTER QUIZ
17. The transmissions hydraulic circuit _________.
a)
b)
c)
d)
CHAPTER QUIZ
17. The transmissions hydraulic circuit _________.
a)
b)
c)
d)
CHAPTER QUIZ
18. A lockup torque converter is used in transmissions
to _________.
a)
b)
c)
d)
CHAPTER QUIZ
18. A lockup torque converter is used in transmissions
to _________.
a)
b)
c)
d)
CHAPTER QUIZ
19. Student A says that when a vehicle is going around
a corner, the differential pinion gears are rotating
on their shafts. Student B says that when a car is
going around a corner, the differential pinion gears
are in mesh with the axle side gears. Who is
correct?
a)
b)
c)
d)
Student A
Student B
Both A and B
Neither A nor B
CHAPTER QUIZ
19. Student A says that when a vehicle is going around
a corner, the differential pinion gears are rotating
on their shafts. Student B says that when a car is
going around a corner, the differential pinion gears
are in mesh with the axle side gears. Who is
correct?
a)
b)
c)
d)
Student A
Student B
Both A and B
Neither A nor B
CHAPTER QUIZ
20. The job of the center differential of an AWD vehicle
is to _________.
a)
b)
c)
d)
CHAPTER QUIZ
20. The job of the center differential of an AWD vehicle
is to _________.
a)
b)
c)
d)