Bab 13:

Perkembangan Fizikal & Kognitif

Pertengahan Dewasa (40-65 tahun)

Questions To Ponder
Looking at your parents, what risk factors do they
have for cancer or heart disease? What are
controllable variables in your life that could lead
to reduced risk for these diseases?

Perubahan Fizikal
Remember primary aging ?
(gray hair, expanding waistline, etc)
& secondary aging?&
earlier habits have strong effects (smoking,
drinking, exercise)

Perubahan Fizikal
The Brain and Nervous System

Respon perlahan berbanding awal

dewasa thdp tugasan kognitif
- Tdk pasti sebabnya tetapi kemungkinan
pertengahan dewasa kurang selektif
berbanding awal dewasa (Cognitive
tasks activate larger area of brain)
Problems with attentional control
(kawalan perhatian)
But still safer drivers than younger adults

 Kesimpulan:
Saiz otak berkurangan sedikit di tahap
pertengahan dewasa. Beberapa
perubahan dalam kefungsian otak
menunjukkan pertengahan dewasa
mungkin lebih banyak disebabkan oleh
gangguan.
Wlbagaimanpun pertengahan dewasa
mengatasi awal dewasa dlm tugasan
harian yg memerlukan konsentrasi &
penilaian pantas cth. memandu

Perubahan fizikal
Sistem Pembiakan

Climacteric: Loss of reproductive capacity

Slight decline in quantity of viable sperm
Very slow drop in testosterone (gradual
loss of muscle tissue, increased risk of
heart disease)

 Erectile dysfunction or impotence

increases
- Lifestyle changes, such as
weight loss and exercise, can
restore some erectile function.
- Performance anxiety increases,
causing erectile dysfunction.
- Viagra is a common treatment.

Perubahan Fizikal
Menopause in Women

Occurs in phases
anything between 40 and 60 is normal
(roughly at age 50)

Changes in hormone levels

Both estrogen and progesterone decline
(pemberhentian haid)

 May be occurring at later ages in

more recent cohorts of women
Not necessarily cause of depression or loss
of sex drive

Most remain sexually active,

although frequency of activity
declines somewhat
Demands of other roles are
pressing middle-aged adults, so
less time for sex
Increasing illnesses such as

Figure 15.1 Ethnicity and Womens Attitudes about Aging

 The more positively women feel about

aging, the less negatively they view
menopause.
African-American women appear to
have the most positive view of aging
and the least negative view of
menopause.

Physical Changes
Sistem Tulang

Osteoporosis begins around 30 for

womenand men
Loss of estrogens and progesterone in
women
Improved by regular weight-bearing
exercise

Physical Changes
(penglihatan & pendengaran)
Presbyopia: Farsightedness (rabun jauh)
Eye lens thickens (kurang cahaya ke
retina)
Presbycusis: Auditory nerve and structures
in the inner ear gradually deteriorate
Accelerates after 55

Questions To Ponder
So, what were your risk factors?

Health and Wellness

Cardiovascular (jantung & salur darah)
Disease and Cancer Risks

1.Smoking
2.Blood pressure*
3.Weight
4.Cholesterol*
5.Inactivity
6.Diet
7.Alcohol
8.heredity
(*no known cancer risk)

Health and Wellness:

Other Factors

Gender
Race
Personality type
Socio-economic status
Education and occupation

Figure 15.2

Trends in U.S. Life

Expectancy
UPDATE

Health and Wellness

Cardiovascular Disease: Personality and Health

Friedman and Rosenman Personality

Patterns
Type A
Type B
Type D

 Type A personality pattern

Competitive strivings for achievement
Sense of time urgency
Hostility or aggressiveness
Compare themselves to others
Frequent conflict with co-workers
Type B personality pattern
Less hurried and more laid back
Type D Personality is characterized by tendency
toward negativity. Such people may experience
much stress, anger, hostility, tension, and other
negative and distressing emotions.This personality
type is often characterized by low self-esteem,
social inhibition, and a tendency toward
depression.
See Table 15.2 for risk factors.

Physical and Cognitive

Development
Whats the connection?
and when does it all start to go downhill??

Figure 15.3

Denneys Model of Physical and Cognitive Aging

Cognitive Functioning
Baltes and Baltes
Physical declines of middle age
create selective optimization
with compensation to combat
effects of aging
Be selective
Minimize distractions

Optimize strengths
Use compensatory strategies
EXAMPLE: Wear reading glasses

Health and Cognitive Functioning

There IS a relationship
Exercise lowers mortality risks
Physical activity related to maintenance of
cognitive functions

Figure 15.4

Exercise and
Mortality
What do these
data tell you?

Figure 15.5

 Results from the Harvard Alumni

Study show clearly that those who
are more physically active in
middle adulthood have lower risk
of mortality over the next decades

Cognitive Functioning
Use it or lose it!

Practice matters
Helps maintain or gain cognitive skill
Helps compensate for age-related deficits
Provide practice of different strategies

Cognitive Functioning: Peak!

Creativity
Best work produced around 40;
outstanding work published in 50s
Simonton looked at the creativity
and productivity of thousands of
notable scientists.
First significant work
Their best work
Their last work

Thinkers produced their best work

at about 40, publishing outstanding
work in their 50s