US History Honors

Chapter 2: Englands American Colonies

Chapter 2 Section 1: The Southern

Colonies Take Route
England Establishes Colonies in North

America:
English patrons promised that an American

colony would solve some of Englands problems

Growing population
Increased poverty

Promised it would generate new wealth for

England

Chapter 2 Section 1: The Southern

Colonies Take Route
Charter- certificate of permission from the king
Roanoke:
Joint stock company- business venture founded

and run by investors

Share the company's profits and losses

Sir Walter Raleigh tried to colonize Roanoke twice

Sandy infertile soil
Ships struggled to land supplies
1st colonists returned home in despair
2nd colonists disappeared

Chapter 2 Section 1: The Southern

Colonies Take Route
The Virginia Company sends more colonists:
The Virginia Company
1607- Chesapeake Bay- North of Roanoke
Fertile land
Good harbors
Navigable water ways
Founded Jamestown
Vulnerable to attacks from Indians

Chapter 2 Section 1: The Southern

Colonies Take Route
30 different Indian groups but shared the same

language
Usually a powerful chief
Powhatan
In his 60s and Powhatan impressed the English
colonists
Wanted to trade with the colonists for their

metal weapons
Colonists wanted Indian lands
Even though the Indians were living an using the
lands, Europeans still classified it as wilderness

Chapter 2 Section 1: The Southern

Colonies Take Route
Early Challenges to Jamestown:
Swamps surrounding Jamestown bred
mosquitos that carried disease, specifically
malaria
Between 1607 and 1622, Virginia company
transported 10,000 people to Jamestown

By 1622 only 20% survived

1609- war between the colonists and the

Indians

Chapter 2 Section 1: The Southern

Colonies Take Route
1613- English capture Pocahontas
Converted to Christianity and married John
Rolfe
Powhatan reluctantly made peace until his
death in 1618

Passing power to his brother Opechancanough

Chapter 2 Section 1: The Southern

Colonies Take Route
Jamestown started out as a money pit
Company began to allow colonists to own and
work their own land as private property
Worked harder to grow corn, squash and beans
1616- learned how to cultivate tobacco
Crop thrived in Virginia
Virginia became the principal supplier of
tobacco in Europe

Chapter 2 Section 1: The Southern

Colonies Take Route
1619- Virginia offers land based on the

headright system
Anyone who paid for passage to Virginia or who

paid for another persons passage receive 50

acres of land
Allowed wealthy to acquire plantations

Landowners imported workers from England

Chapter 2 Section 1: The Southern

Colonies Take Route
Virginia company allowed the formation of the

House of Burgesses in 1619

The 1st representative body in colonial America
Male landowners could elect 2 leaders

(Burgesses) to represent their settlement in

colonial government

Make laws and raise taxes

16240 Crown took over Virginia

Chapter 2 Section 1: The Southern

Colonies Take Route
2 types of colonial governments:
Royal colonies: owned by the crown
Proprietary colonies: belonged to individuals or
companies

Chapter 2 Section 1: The Southern

Colonies Take Route
Expansion in Virginia creates conflict:
As colonists expanded plantations, they took
Indian lands
In 1622, Openchanacanough led a surprise
attack and burned plantations, killing nearly 1/3
of the colonists

Chapter 2 Section 1: The Southern

Colonies Take Route
The Algonquin Indians fight back:
Counter attacks destroyed Indian villages and
crops- reducing them to starvation
Opechancanough made peace in 1632
1644 fighting broke back out killing hundreds of
colonists and thousands of Indians, including
Openchancanough
Reduced (w/ disease), the Virginian Algoquins went
from 24,000 in 1607 to only 2,000 by 1670
Number of settlers reached 41,000 in 1670

Chapter 2 Section 1: The Southern

Colonies Take Route
Bacons rebellion:
New settlers were having to move to the
interior
Less fertile lands
More transportation costs
Greater danger of Indians

Royal Gov. of Virg.- William Berkley- levied

heavy taxes on planters

Passed the money to the wealthy house of

Burgesses

Chapter 2 Section 1: The Southern

Colonies Take Route
Bacons rebellion cont.:
1675- war broke out between Indians and the settlers in
the Potomac valley
Berkeley didnt want the settlers to wipe out the Indians
Nathaniel Bacon led a rebellion
Slaughtered Indians
Berkeley protested
Bacon marked his armed followers to Jamestown in revolt

September 1676- drove out the governor and burned

down the town

October- Bacon died (disease) and the rebellion
collapsed

Chapter 2 Section 1: The Southern

Colonies Take Route
Berkley regained power back but wasnt the

same, so 1677, the King appointed a new

governor
Importance: showed poor farmers would not
tolerate a government that catered only to the
wealthiest colonists
Leaders reduced the taxes paid by the farmers
and improved their access to frontier land
Provoked further wars with the American Indians

of the interior

Chapter 2 Section 1: The Southern

Colonies Take Route
England Expands its Southern Colonies:
1632- King established a 2nd Southern colonyMaryland
Lord Baltimore: Owned and governed it as a
proprietary colony
Colonial refuge for fellow Catholics
More protestants than Catholics ended up in
Maryland

Chapter 2 Section 1: The Southern

Colonies Take Route
1670- Carolinas are established
Charles Town- 1st establishment
The Lord Proprietor, who remained in England,
entrusted the colonies leadership to ambitious
men from the West Indies
1691- Northern half became a distinct colony of
North Caroline
1729- North and South Carolina rejected the
control of the lord proprietor
King appointed the governor after that who had
to cooperate with the legislator

Chapter 2 Section 1: The Southern

Colonies Take Route
1732- Georgia began as a proprietary colony
To protect South Caroline from Florida (Spanish)
James Oglethorpe
Set up Georgia as a haven for English debtors
Most of their 1st settlers were poor traders and
artisans/refugees from Switzerland and Germany
Couldnt drink or own slaves
Had to work their own lands
colonist protests

1752- Georgia became a royal colony

Ch. 2-2: New Lives in New

England
Puritans-religious dissenters
Wanted to Purify the Anglican church of
Catholicism
Didnt like Catholic style hierarchy
Separatists- wanted to separate complete

from the Anglican church

These two groups made up most of New
England

Ch. 2-2: New Lives in New England

Puritan Beliefs and Values
Puritans followed the teaching of John Calvin
Moral lives
Praying
Reading the bible
Doing what their minister told them

Salvation depended on the will of God\

Typically from the middle class
Puritan work ethic and modest living

Ch. 2-2: New Lives in New England

Puritan Challenges Lead to Persecution
1620s- Charles I began to persecute the
Puritans due to their threat of the Anglican
Church

Led to their desire to move to the New World

Puritans Arrive in North America

1620s- first Puritan Separatists (Pilgrims)
Mayflower founded Plymouth Colony
100 on board made and signed the Mayflower
Compact

Formed a government and agreed to obey their laws

Ch. 2-2: New Lives in New England

Massachusetts Bay Colony
1630- John Winthrop
City Upon a Hill
Established Mass. Bay Colony
Puritan men elected their governor, deputy
governor, and assembly
Only colony at the time that elected its governor

Ch. 2-2: New Lives in New England

New Hampshire and Maine emerged
Anglicans and Puritans lived there
Rhode Island became a haven for more

radical Puritans
Connecticut- more Conservative Puritans
By the end of the 17th century
Massachusetts's Bay colony included Maine

and Plymouth
Connecticut absorbed New Haven

Ch. 2-2: New Lives in New England

Religious Differences Lead to New Colonies
Not friendly toward people of other religious
Wanted their own perfect society
Massachusetts executed 4 Quakers and burned their
books
Thought God would punish anyone who tolerated
individual choice in religion

Ch. 2-2: New Lives in New England

Roger Williams- dissenter
Said church was still too Anglican
Settlers had no right to take land from the
Indians and that they needed to purchase it
from them
Fled to Rhode Island where he founded
Providence in 1636

Ch. 2-2: New Lives in New England

Anne Hutchinson
Puritans had only let men be in charge
Hutchinson was banished from Massachusetts
Moved to Rhode Island after she was banished
Rhode Island
Attracted Baptists, Quakers, and Jews
Lacked a majority of just one faith
Separated Church and State
Believed mingling church and state corrupted
religion

Ch. 2-2: New Lives in New England

Salem Witch trials:
Prosecuted witches

Could be because cattle or children sickened- they

would blame magic

1692- Salem, Massachusetts

Executed 19 suspected witches
Stopped when people of authoritys family started
being accused
Helped in prosecution of witches in New England

Ch. 2-2: New Lives in New England

English Relationships with American Indians:
Colonists tried to recreate English style life and
towns and saw the Indians as lazy that they
hadnt done so
The Pequot War: Fur trading was established

between the Puritans and the Pequots, but it

was an uneasy peace

Ch. 2-2: New Lives in New England

1636- Puritans accused the Pequots of murdering an

English trader
Pequots denied
Puritans- With the Narragansett and Mohegans

attacked Pequot villages

Pequots then raided a Puritan village
Puritans then burned a Pequot village filled mostly with
women and children

Killed most of its 600 to 700 inhabitants

Virtually eliminated the Pequots

Pequots lost all their land and went to live among

other Indian peoples

Ch. 2-2: New Lives in New England

Attempts to convert the Indians:
Puritans (after the Pequot war) tried to convert
the Indians and make them European

Set up praying towns that they made Indians

move in to, so that missionaries could look over
them

1674- Massachusetts had 14 praying towns with

1,600
Puritans then claimed most of their land
Praying towns forced Indians to abandon tradition
English division of gender roles

Only a minority agreed to enter praying towns

Ch. 2-2: New Lives in New England

King Phillips war:
1675- Indian Rebellion erupted
Colonist called the chief of the Wampanoag Indians
King Phillip
Real name was Metacom
Metacom led attacks in Plymouth
War spread as a loose confederation of Indians
attacked English settlements
Destroyed 12 towns

Ch. 2-2: New Lives in New England

1676- Indians started to starve because their

crops were destroyed by colonial

counterattacks
Ran out of ammo

August 1676- Metacom died in battle

War killed at least 1,000 colonists and 3,000
Indians
Indians lost most of their remaining land

Ch. 2-2: New Lives in New England

1700 in New England
92,000 colonist
9,000 Indians
Some Indians fled to Canada
Typically Indians would then side with the
French when the French and English would fight

Ch. 2-3: The Middle

Colonies
1614- Dutch founded a permanent settlement

at Ft. Orange
Dutch built New Amsterdam at the tip of

Manhattan island to protect the fort

Made little to no effort to convert the Native
Americans

Ch. 2-3: The Middle

Colonies
Dutch West India company appointed a
governor and an advisory council
did not permit elected assembly
Allowed religious groups (Jews)
drew diverse groups
middle class and poor
came as families

Ch. 2-3: The Middle

Colonies
Push and Pull factors:
1660- New Netherlands had 5,000
Push factors- motivate people to leave their
home countries

Ex: religious persecution

Pull factors- attract people to a new location

Ex: fertile soil

Ch. 2-3: The Middle

Colonies
17th century: push factors were stronger in

England than in the Netherlands

Economic uptick
Religious toleration

There werent as many people wanting to

leave

Ch. 2-3: The Middle

Colonies
Scandinavians Establish New Sweden
1638- New Sweden- lower Delaware River
Ft. Christina
Fur trade with the Indians and grain farming
Swedes, mostly from Finland
Adapted quickly
Brought over log cabin idea
Too few (5500) to hold the territory from the Dutch
September 1655 the Dutch convinced them to
surrender (with 7 warships in their harbor)

Ch. 2-3: The Middle

Colonies
Tensions between the Netherlands and

England
Became economic rivals in the 1650s and

1660s
Dutch shippers more efficient and got a lot of
business exporting colonial goods
1664- English fleet forced New Netherlands to
give up their colony
Renamed New York after the Duke of York
New Amsterdam became New York City
Ft. Orange became Albany

Became known as the middle colonies

Ch. 2-3: The Middle

Colonies
New Jersey becomes a colony
Lands between the Hudson and Delaware
became a new colony
West- English Puritans and Scots
East- English Quakers
Was dominated by its larger neighbors
Religious freedom

Ch. 2-3: The Middle

Colonies
Religious Toleration in Pennsylvania:
Debt paid by the king to William Penn

Penn was a Quaker

Inner light
No clergy
Women spiritually equal
Pacifist that refuse to bear arms
Tolerant of other faiths

Pennsylvania had no privileged church with tax

support

Ch. 2-3: The Middle

Colonies
Pennsylvania prospers and grows:
1682- Penn arrived with 23 ships with 2,000 people
Philadelphia established as the capital
Temperate climate
Fertile soil
Navigable river

1700- 18,000 colonists

Families of middle class
Quakers
Peace with Indians
Respect and paid for the land

Ch. 2-3: The Middle

Colonies
The middle colonies prove welcoming:
Greatest diversity
Had to learn to be tolerant

Ch. 2-4 Immigration and Slavery in

the Colonies
Immigrants from England:
1690: 90% of colonists came from England

50% were indentured servants

4-7 year terms
Were given food, clothing and shelter

After 1660- English economy improved and

there was less religious conflicts- so less

colonists (fewer push factors)

Ch. 2-4 Immigration and Slavery in

the Colonies
Scots and Scots-Irish:
Immigration picked up as English immigration
went down
1707- England in Scotland formed a union
Immigration came in 3 waves
Scottish lowlands
Scottish highlands
Northern Ireland

Ch. 2-4 Immigration and Slavery in

the Colonies
Migration from Germany:
War, taxes, and religious persecution
German states were frequently at war
High taxes
Forced military

Ch. 2-4 Immigration and Slavery in

the Colonies
Immigration Drives Changes and Diversity:
All had to learn to be more accepting since
many lost their majorities

Ch. 2-4 Immigration and Slavery in

the Colonies
Enslaved Africans provide labor:
Early slaves were treated more as indentured
servants
Changed around 1650
Also fed into racist ideas

Ch. 2-4 Immigration and Slavery in

the Colonies
The transatlantic slave trade:
1700s- 1,500,000 slaves imported to British colonies

Most went to the West Indies

Triangular trade
Europe to Africa to the Americas
Middle Passage- Passage from Africa to Americas
Branded, shackled- slaves could hardly move
Disease and filth
Those suspected of being ill were thrown overboard
At LEAST 10% did not survive the journey

Ch. 2-4 Immigration and Slavery in

the Colonies
Africans in the American Colonies:
Families are broken up
Foreign languages all around
Had to forge a new culture in the Americas

Ch. 2-4 Immigration and Slavery in

the Colonies
Slavery varies:
1750s- small minorities in New England and the
Middle Colonies
Southern colonies had much larger slave
populations
Labor intensive crops
40% of the population
Coastal South Caroline, slaves outnumber the white
population
Crude huts, no windows, dirt floors
12 hour days, 6 days a week

Ch. 2-4 Immigration and Slavery in

the Colonies
A New Culture Emerges:
Blend of African cultures
Adopted Christianity with some African religious
tradition

Ch. 2-4 Immigration and Slavery in

the Colonies
Enslaved Africans resist:
1739- Stono Rebellion- South Carolina- 100
slaves killed 20 whites before defeat and
execution
Running away was more common than rebellion
Maroons- those who hid in the forests or
swamps
Some fled to remote Indian villages or Florida
(Spanish offered them freedom hoping to
weaken the British)
Some just rebelled by slowing down the pace of
work

Ch. 2-4 Immigration and Slavery in

the Colonies
Free African Americas:
Might buy their freedom or be set free by their
masters
Free African Americans tended to live in cities

Still faced discrimination

Ch. 2-5
Economic and Social Life in the Colonies
Mercantilism- nation or an empire could build

wealth and power by developing industries

and exporting manufactured goods
Ultimate goal is to build wealth in gold and

silver

Colonial set up favored agriculture

A lot of land and few people
90% of colonists lived and worked on farms
English used the profits to build a navy

Ch. 2-5
Economic and Social Life in the Colonies

Navigation Acts- mid 1600s:

Only English ships with English sailors could
trade with the colonies
Valuable colonial goods can only be shipped to
Britian
Import European goods from British ports and
pay taxes in Britain
Made English merchant shipping double in the

1600s

Ch. 2-5
Economic and Social Life in the Colonies
By 1700- Englands economy was booming and

London had become Europes leading port city

Hurt colonists and first
1720s to 1770- colonial imports increased by 50%
1700- 10% of British exports were to the colonies
1772- 37% of British exports were to the colonies
Created a trade imbalance on the Americas
Caused American debt

Shipbuilding and ironworks were nations biggest

industries

Ch. 2-5
Economic and Social Life in the Colonies
New England:
Small farms

Livestock, wheat, rye, corn, potatoes

Lumber
Fish
Shipbuilding
Largest city: Boston (16,000 pop. In 1750)

Ch. 2-5
Economic and Social Life in the Colonies
Middle Colonies:
More and better wheat
Philadelphia and New York- 1760- 25,000
population

Ch. 2-5
Economic and Social Life in the Colonies
Southern colonies:
Largest amount of agriculture
plantations
Staple crops: crops in steady demand
Cash crops: crops grown just for sale
Charleston, S.C.- largest port city

Ch. 2-5
Economic and Social Life in the Colonies
Regional Social Differences:
New England and Middle Colonies had few
African Americans
South had a much larger African American
population
South attracted poor men
New England attracted more middle class

Families

European immigrants preferred the middle

colonies
New England was the healthiest and had best
population growth

Ch. 2-5
Economic and Social Life in the Colonies
New England
Had towns and schools
Fewer wealthy
Southern colonies
Harder to sustain communities
Less education

Ch. 2-6: Creating an American

Identity
Early Government in the Colonies
English crown wasnt as controlling as some of
the other empires
Magna Carta- Document English nobles forced
King John to sing in 1215
Limited kings ability to tax
Due process
Right to a trial

Ch. 2-6: Creating an American

Identity
1300s- nobles became Parliament
Bicameral
House of Lords
Nobles
House of Commons
Commoners elected
Only men with property could vote

Colonial citizens felt they were entitled to the

same writes as British

Ch. 2-6: Creating an American

Identity
Type of colonial government varied by region
New England: Republic with elected Governors
Royal and Proprietary colonies:

Appointed governors
Shared power with the colonists
Elected representatives

Colonists also said they should be protected by

English common law

Individual liberties

Ch. 2-6: Creating an American

Identity
1685- James I
Tried to rule without Parliament
Catholic
Revoked government charters of New England
Combined New England colonies with New York
and New Jersey
Dominion of New England:
Made government crown appointed

Ch. 2-6: Creating an American

Identity
1689- Glorious Revolution
James II overthrown
William and Mary takeover
Cooperate with Parliament
Signed the English Bill of Rights
Habeas Corpus
No one can be held in prison without being charged with a
specific crime
Monarch cant keep a standing army during peace time
News of English rebellion also caused rebellion among
colonists
Kings governor-general arrested
Sir Edmond Andros (hated)

Ch. 2-6: Creating an American

Identity
Maryland converted to royal colony
Massachusetts and Plymouth merged
Royal governor, appointed council, elected
assmebly
Rhode Island and Connecticut got to keep

their charters

Ch. 2-6: Creating an American

Identity
Rebellion in New York- Rebel leader declared

himself Governor- Jacob Liesler

England appointed a new governor
Leisler was tired and executed
NY politics feuded after

Salutary Neglect- allowed local self-rule

In return England expected support

Ch. 2-6: Creating an American

Identity
NY governor was written about poorly in the

New York Weekly Journal-printed by John Peter

Zinger
Zinger imprisoned for libel
Argued that he printed the truth
Known as an early victory for the freedom of

the press

Ch. 2-6: Creating an American

Identity
New Ideas Empower Individuals
Enlightenment- movement in Europe

Problems could be solved by human reason

Sir Isaac Newton- math and physics

John Lock- natural rights that came from God
Life, liberty, property
Many colonists are inspired by the

Enlightenment

Benjamin Franklin

regular colonists probably didnt know the

Enlightenment was even happening

Ch. 2-6: Creating an American

Identity
Most colonists were intolerant of religions that

were not their own

Especially New England
Not Middle Colonies

Church tended to be a center of the

community
Also a public space for government

proclamations, posting new laws, holding

elections

Ch. 2-6: Creating an American

Identity
The Great Awakening
Mid 1700s
Religious movement
Evangelical preachers
Rejected Enlightenment ideas
Jonathon Edwards
George Whitefield
Revivals
Value as individuals

Challenged authority
Salvation was open to everyone