We are learning

To apply definitions of average

and instantaneous velocity
To interpret displacement time
and velocity time graphs

Fred walks at 2ms-1 like this.

His pedometer measures he
has walked a distance of 400m

How long did it take?

speed = distance/time --> time = distance/speed

time = 400 / 2 = 200 seconds

Displacement is a measure of distance and direction.

It has to be in a straight line.
The convention is to use the
letter s to represent it.
s
300m

Freds displacement is 300m

Velocity is a measure of speed and direction.
It has to be in a straight line.
The convention is to use the letter v to represent it.
speed = distance/time becomes:average velocity = displacement
time

From before, time = 200 seconds

s
300m

Freds displacement is 300m

average velocity = displacement
time
v = 300 = 1.5 ms-1
200

-150m

150m

start
After 1 minutes hopping,
rabbits displacement is 150m from the start.
After 1 minutes prowling,
lions displacement is -150m
A negative displacement indicates that
it is in the opposite direction
Rabbits average velocity = 150 metres
= 2.5 ms-1
60 seconds
Lions average velocity = -150 metres
= -2.5 ms-1
60 seconds
A negative velocity indicates that
it is in the opposite direction

Average speed is the total distance traveled by an object

divided by the time taken to travel that distance.
Instantaneous speed is an object's speed at a given
instant of time.

average velocity = displacement

time taken
A car travels at constant velocity 72 km h-1.
How far does it travel in 45 seconds?

72 km h-1 = 72 x 1000 = 72000 m h-1

72000 m h-1 = 72000 60 60 = 20 ms-1
20 ms-1 = displacement (s) s = 20 x 45 = 900 m
45
average speed = total distance
time taken
A jogger runs for 100m at a speed of 4 ms-1,
then walks the same distance at a speed of 2 ms-1.
What is his average speed?
Time running = 100m / 4 ms-1 = 25 seconds
Time walking = 100m / 2 ms-1 = 50 seconds
= total distance= 100 + 100 = 200 = 2.7 m
average speed
time taken
25 + 50
75

Speed is the rate of change of

distance with time. Consider a new, as
yet, undefined quantity -- the inverse
ratio, the rate of change of time with
distance.
Under what circumstances would this
new quantity

have a large value?

have a small value?
equal zero?

 Calculate the size of a light year

Calculate the size of a light femtosecond
The fastest speed achieved by a snail in the
Guinness Gastropod Championship, held over
a 330mm (13in) course in the O'Conor Don
pub in central London is held by a mollusk
called Archie, which took 2 minutes and 20
seconds to cover the course. Determine
Archie's speed in m/s and km/h.

 When designing aircraft it is common to place

them in a wind tunnel: a closed room where air
is blown at high speed. As an option, some tests
can be performed in an indoor hyperballistic
range. In one such range, aircraft models are
projected at 9000m/s (20,000 mph) into a
catching device designed to recover them
intact. Ultra-high-speed cameras with laser
illumination then photograph the model at
exposures of 20ns. How far will such a model
move while it is being photographed?

 A stunt crew is planning a chase scene for a movie.

The script calls for a car to drive across a railroad
track moments before a train enters the crossing.
(Warning: Don't try this at home!) The locomotive
engineer recommends a speed of 10 m/s for safety
and the director wants the car moving at 30 m/s for
excitement. Where should the rear of the car be when
the train is at the following distances from the
crossing
20 m,
10 m,
5 m, and
1 m?

Before

Motion Represented
we begin:
Graphically

velocity - dx/dt
acceleration - dv/dt
you are effectively talking about
instantaneous rates of changes of
displacements and velocities
i.e. instantaneously changing velocities and
accelerations
you are looking at the gradient of a line
which may well be a curve.

DISPLACEMENT TIME GRAPHS

Constant velocity
Displacement - s

What will the graph look like?

s

GRADIENT = ?

t
Time - t

VELOCITY

s
v
t

Displacement-time graphs
40 m
s

5 sec
What is happening?
Rate of change of
displacement is constant
- velocity is constant
Average velocity = 40/5
= 8 metres per sec

t
What is happening?
Increase in rate of
change of displacement
- velocity increasing
- acceleration

VELOCITY TIME GRAPHS

Velocity - v

This body has a constant or uniform

?
acceleration
The gradient = t?he acceleration

v
a
t

t
Time - t

1 =
Uniform
?
acceleration

Velocity - v

2 =
Constant
?
velocity

2
1

3 =
Uniform
?
retardation [deceleration]
Area under the graph = A
Time - t

= ..
?
DISTANCE

TRAVELLED

Velocity-time graphs
200 ms-1
v

50 sec
What is happening?
Rate of change of
velocity is constant
- acceleration is constant
Gradient = 200/50
acceleration = 4 ms-2

t
What is happening?
Increase in rate of
change of velocity
- acceleration is
increasing
DEALT WITH LATER
IN THE COURSE

Velocity-time graphs
200 ms-1
v

t
What is happening?
Rate of change of
velocity is constant
- acceleration is constant

50 sec

What is happening?
Rate of change of
velocity is constant
negative
- slowing down
-acceleration
in deceleration
= -4 ms-2

or 4 ms-2 deceleration/retardatio

Acceleration = change in velocity

time
average velocity = displacement
time taken
average speed

= total distance
time taken

These are
displacement-time
and velocity-time
graphs of
Erics bike-ride.

Sketch the velocity

time graph
v
What does each section
indicate?

Steepest gradient No progress

Slow velocity
Zero velocity
Fastest velocity
Constant veloc
Constant velocity Having a rest

The area under a velocitytime graph represents the

displacement
10 ms-1
v
5 ms-1
2 ms-1

A
300
B 100
30 sec

C
200

80 sec

120 sec

Total displacement = 300 + 100 + 200 = 600m

S-t & v-t graphs for bouncing ball

What will the distance time, velocity - time and acceleration

time graphs look like for this bouncing ball?
Displacement - s

s1

s1
s2

s2

Time - t
Velocity - v

Time - t

Motion
Represente
d
Graphically
x/m

Example
Sketch velocity vs time and
displacement vs time for a ball thrown
in the air and allowed to fall back to
the ground - ignore air resistance.

(0,0)

Time /s

Velocity - v

Time - t

Acceleration - a

9.81ms-2
Time - t

Velocity

What might this graph represent?

Terminal Velocity

Time

Can you draw an acceleration time graph

for this motion?

Acceleration
9.81 m s-1

Time

Motion
Represente
d
Graphically
-1
v / ms

Example
Sketch velocity vs time and
displacement vs time for a ball thrown
in the air and allowed to fall back to
the ground - ignore air resistance.

You should note the symmetry.

(0,0)

Time / s