Chapter 1

Tools of History

Looking at Earth

Geography of Earth consists of various landforms

and bodies of water.

Landforms includes mountains, plateaus, hills,

valleys, and plains.
7 Continents (North America, South America, Europe,
Africa, Asia,, Australia, and Antarctica)
Bodies of water include oceans, lakes, and rivers.
Nearly 75 percent of Earth is covered by water.
5 Oceans (Arctic Ocean, Atlantic Ocean, Indian Ocean,
Pacific Ocean, and Southern Ocean)
Geography has shaped where and how people lived
throughout history.

Continents and Oceans of the

World

Climate, Weather, and

Vegetation

The atmosphere at a particular place and

time is weather.

The weather conditions at a particular place

over a period of time is climate.

The types of vegetation, or plant life, in a

place depend on temperature, rainfall, and
type of soil.

DISCUSS How did the climate, weather, and

vegetation effect the construction of the 2
buildings (on next slide)?
WATCH Climate Change 101 with Bill Nye

United States and Canada

Climate

Vegetation

Land Forms and Bodies of

Water

Pick a region of the world. Write 2 characteristics

each for Climate, Vegetation, and Land Forms
and Bodies of Water (6 total).
Climate

Vegetation

Land Forms and Bodies of

Water

Five Themes of
Geography
1) Location answers where is it?
2) Place deals with what is it like in
a certain location?
3) Region is an area of Earths
surface with distinctive
characteristics.
4) Movement is the ways people,
goods, and ideas move from
place to place.
5) Human-Environment is how
people change or adapt to the
physical world.

The Iceman

Read Otzi - The Iceman page 11

in the Textbook
Watch Mummies Alive from the
Smithsonian Channel

What clothes, tools and weapons

were found with Otzis body?

What do you think archaeologist

learned when they studied Otzis
body, clothes, tools, and
weapons?

History of Mapmaking

The skills and methods people use to

make maps are called cartography
(kahr.tog.ruh.fee).

The oldest surviving map was drawn on

a clay tablet in Babylon more than
4,000 years ago.

At around 100, Ptolemy (tahl.uh.mee)

an Ancient Greek who wrote about
making accurate maps.

In the 800s, Muslim scholars translated

the works of Ptolemy into Arabic, and
made maps showing the holy city of
Mecca at the center.

At around 1155, the Chinese began to

print maps. This was important because
printing allowed for more maps to be
made.

Features of Maps

Hemisphere is an imaginary line

used to divide Earth halves.

The line used to divide Earth into

North and South Hemispheres is
called equator.

The line used to divide Earth into

Eastern and Western Hemisphere
is called the prime meridian.

Latitude measures distance north

and south of the equator.

Longitude measures distance

east and west of the prime
meridian.

1) DRAW a map of Earth

2) LABEL Equator, Prime Meridian, Latitude and Longitude

Map Projections
Mercator Projection is
an excellent reference
for direction.

Homolosine Projection
shows the shapes and
sizes of landmasses, but
the distance on the
maps are not correct.

Map Projections
Robinson Projection
shows the entire
Earth. The sizes of the
continents and oceans
are almost accurate.

Discovering the Past

Archaeology is the recovery and

study of physical evidence from the
past.

Artifact is an object made by a

human.

Excavation is when archaeologists

dig to find evidence.

Culture is a way of life shared by a

group of people (arts, beliefs,
customs, language, and
technology).

Interpreting the Past

Historians explain the importance of

the past.

1)
2)
3)
4)
5)

Questions historians ask

When
Where
Who
What
Why

) Primary sources is a document or

artifact created during a historical
event.
) Oral history are stories told verbally
from generation to generation.
) Secondary source is about a historical
event created by someone who was not
actually there (newspapers, books, and
paintings).
WATCH Clayton Kershaw No-Hitter Last
Pitch

Answers to
Latitude and
Longitude Map

A.60*N, 90*W
B.O*N, 150*W
C.30*S, 60*W
D.60*S, 60*E
E.30*N, 150*E
F.50*N, 70*E

Reading A Map

1) Compass Rose shows direction on

the map.
2) Locator on a map shows which
part of the world.
3) Scale shows distance on Earth.
4) Lines can indicate rivers, political
boundaries, roads, or other
things.
5) Legend or Key explains the
symbols, lines, and colors on the
map.
6) Lines of Latitude and Longitude
shows where places are located
on Earth.
7) Labels are for key cities, bodies of
water, and landforms.