Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Dr.Ameet.V
ORIGIN
Greek word KYBERNETES
(steersman)
Plato & Ampere
Norbart Weiner 1948
Science of control &
communication in animal &
machine
Black Box
Output
Input
Transfer function
Output
Input
Orthodontic,
Functional,
& orthopedic
appliances
Black Box
Genetically determined &
cybernetically organized
biologic features of
Phenomena characterizing,
inducing, or controlling
spontaneous & appliancemodulated growth relative
To the following:
Max. lengthening &
Widening
Mandible lengthening
Teeth movements
Output
Correction of
malocclusion &
Intermax.
malrelation
Pavlovian concept of
accommodation in biological
systems
Conditioning
Reinforcement
Habituation
Living animals respond passively to stimuli
Open Loop
Output has no effect on the input
Refutations
1. Steiner & Brown
The North
Carolina chain
gang
2. Post retention
Relapse
Principle of optimality
Laws of Energetics
Energy expenditure
Gravitational work
Kinetic energy
Mechanical/Functional efficiency
1977
1982
Morphophysiologic systems
Open loop
Closed loop
Regulator
Servosystem
Comparator
Feedback
Peripheral
Central
Positive
Negative
Regulation of effect
Measure of effect
Input is constant
Components of a Servosystem
COMMAND
Output
(Controlled Variable)
Central Comparator
Deviation Signal
Reference Input
COMPARATOR
(peripheral)
Performance
Analyzing
Elements
Performance
Secondary
Types of Cartilage
Primary
Types of Cartilage
Secondary
Primary Cartilage:
Axial skeleton
Epiphysis, Synchondrosis, Nasal Septum,
Ethmoid(lat masses), Sphenoid
Secondary Cartilage:
Condyle, Coronoid, Sutures,
Fracture Callus
Factors
influencing
Growth
Hormones
Primary
Cartilage
Secondary
Cartilage
Yes
Yes
Local Factors
No
Yes (Pre-
Orthopaedic
appliances
Only Direction
Direction and
Amount
(Chondroblasts
surrounded by
matrix)
chondroblasts
not surrounded
by matrix)
Condylar cartilage
Sarnat Akin to Epiphyseal
MENISCUS
LPM
RDP/
MTMF
Biomechanic role
Posterior growth rotation
Supplementary lengthening
Paulsen, 1996
Metabolic role
Increase
Blood & Lymph flow
Open loop nutritive factors
Decrease
Cell catabolites
-ve feedback factors
Labionarinary muscles
Septal cart,Premax-frenum
OCCLUSION
Growth at condyle
( P.Comparator)
Output
(Controlled Variable)
Periodontium,
Teeth
Musculature
Joint
Position of Maxillary
Dental arch (Ref Input)
Deviation Signal
Mastication
(Performance)
Growth in
Length
Growth in
Width
Growth in Length:
Traction
SeptoPremaxillary
ligament
Growth of
Nasal Septum
Labio narinary
Muscles
Release of
STH
Somatomedin
Thrust
Induction
Growth of
Pre
Maxillary
extremity
Biomechanical
Anterior shift
Of premaxillary
bones
Growth of
PremaxilloMaxillary
suture
Protrusion of
Upper Incisors
Increased size
Of Tongue
Thrust
Protrusion of
Lower Incisors
Direct Action
Growth of
Maxillo
Palatine
suture
Growth in Width:
Growth of
Lateral cartilaginous
masses of Ethmoid
Release of
STH
Somatomedin
Outward growth
Of maxillary
bones
Growth of cartilage
B/w greater wings
& body of sphenoid
Increased size
Of Tongue
Outward shift of
Alveolus and
molars
Direct effect
Transverse
Separation of
premaxillae
Growth of
inter Pre
Maxillary
suture
Transverse
Separation of
Horizontal
Maxilla and
Palatine plates
Growth of
mid
Palatine
suture
Outward
Appositional
Bone
growth
Output
Output
Input
Amplification (Gain>1)
1. Large amounts of
TESTOSTERONE
2. Small or large amounts of
2. Small amounts of
OESTROGEN
TESTOSTERONE
3. Large amounts of
3. Very small amounts of
CORTISONE
OESTROGEN
1. STH Somatomedin
Attractor
Repeller
Disturbances
Peripheral Comparator
Before development of Occlusion:Sensory engram not developed
Servosystem does not operate
Genetic influence on mandibular
growth
Anodontia
After Development of Occlusion:Sensory engram forms
Peripheral comparator controls
growth
Discontinuities
Stable
Unstable
Catastrophe Theory
Stable
Bifurcation
Importance of Discontinuities
FIRST GROUP:
Position mandible
Forward
Increased activity of
LPM and RDP
CELLULAR LEVEL
1. Precursor
Skeletoblast
pleuripotent,
fibroblast like.
2. Prechondroblast
faster cell cycle,
matures into
Chondroblast
Chondroblasts lost
Increased
multiplication of
prechondroblasts
(surgically removed)
Local
control
prechondroblasts
over
multiplication
of
SECOND GROUP:
Position mandible forward , open in beyond rest
position.
No increase in activity of LPM
Herren (1953)
Auf der Maur (1978)
Two steps:
1) While appliance is worn:Forward position
Reduction of length of LPM
New sensory engram
2) While appliance is not worn:New sensory engram
Functioning in anterior position
Increased activity of RDP
Action of second
group
CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS
1) Principle of optimality of function :Less relapse tendency if post orthodontic
treatment muscular activity produces a lower
deviation signal.
Drawbacks
1) Lot of importance on condyle:
Fracture?
References
Auxologic categorization & chronobiologic
specification for the choice of appropriate
orthodontic treatment Alexander
Petrovic AJODO 1994 Feb.
LPM, TMF & postural hyperpropulsor in
growth of mandible J.J Stutzmann & A.J
Petrovic; Am J Orthod Dentofac Orthop
May 1990;97;381-92