EE 1019 POWER SYSTEM

PROTECTION
Prepared by
P.SURESH
AP/EEE
DEPARTMENT OF EEE
SRM UNIVERSITY KTR

UNIT I - INTRODUCTION TO PROTECTION SCHEME

Need for Protective systems - Nature and causes of Faults -Types of faults - Effect
of faults - fault statistics - Evolution of protective relays - Zones of protection Primary and Back -up Protection - Essential qualities of Protection - Classification
of Protective schemes -Automatic reclosing - current transformer for Protection potential transformer - summation transformer -phase sequence current segregating network - basic relay terminology

UNIT II - RELAYS
General considerations - sensing of faults - construction of electro-magnetic
attraction and induction types relays - Buchholz and negative sequence relay concept of reset, pick up, inverse time and definite time characteristics, over current,
over voltage, directional, differential and distance relays on R-X diagram - Static
Relays: Introduction, advantage and limitation of static relays, static over current,
directional, distance and differential relays.

UNIT III - PROTECTION

Types & detection of faults and their effects, alternator protection scheme
(stator,rotor, reverse power protection etc.) - Power transformer protection
(external and internal faults protection), generator-transformer unit protection
scheme, bus bar protection - Transmission line protection (current/time grading,
distance), Pilot relaying schemes, power line carrier protection.
UNIT IV- SWITCHGEAR
Theory of current interruption- energy balance and recovery rate theory, arc
quenching, recovery and restriking voltages - Types of circuit breakers. bulk oil
and minimum oil, air break and air blast, sulphur hexafluoride (SF6) and vacuum
circuit breakers - Rating selection and testing of circuit breakers/operating
mechanisms - LT switchgear, HRC fuses, types construction and applications.
UNIT V- MODERN TRENDS IN PROTECTION
Electronic relays - static relays functional circuits: comparators, level detectors,
logic and training circuits, microprocessor and computer based protection schemes
- software development for protection, security and reliability.

TEXT BOOKS
1. Badriram & Vishwakarma, Power System Protection,Tata
McGraw-Hill Education, 2011.
2. Paithankar Y. G.,S. R. Bhide., Fundamentals of power system
protectionPHI Learning Pvt. Ltd., 2004.
1. The Elementary Council, Power System Protection, Vol.1,2 &3, Peter
Peregrinus Ltd.Tata McGraw-Hill Education, 2010.
2. Ravindra Nath.B, and Chandar.M, Power systems protection and
switchgear,New age international (P) Ltd. 2005.
3. Rao Sunil.S, Switchgear and protection. Khanna Publishers,1999.
4. Paithankar.Y.G, Transmission Network Protection: Theory and Practice,
MarcelDeicker, Inc.1998.
5. Van.A.R & Warrington.C, Protective Relays: Their Theory and Practice, Vol 1
& Vol 2, Chapman and Hall. Springer 1977.
6. GEC Measurements, Protective Relays: Application Guide, GEC
Measurements.
7. J & P Switchgear handbook Newnes-Butterworths, 1972.

LAYOUT OF POWER SYSTEM

Electricity is generated at a power plant (1),

voltage is stepped-up for transmission(2)
Energy travels along a transmission line to the area where the
power is needed (3) voltage is decreased or stepped-down,
at another substation (4),
& a distribution power line (5)
carries that electricity until it reaches a home or business (6).

SINGLE LINE DIAGRAM OF POWER

SYSTEM

NEED FOR PROTECTIVE

SYSTEM
Power system consists of generator, transformer
transmission lines etc
The power is to be transmitted to remote
villages of several hundred kilo meters.
Since all the lines are overhead and exposed,
there are many chances of breakdown due to
external objects, insulation failure etc
If any fault or short circuit occurs in any of the
system components, the healthy system is to be
isolated immediately from the faulty system.

 The fault must be cleared within a fraction of

second else which will lead to damage the
healthy systems.
A protective system or scheme comprising
of relays(to detect fault) and circuit breakers
(to isolate the faulty system).
The electrical quantities likely to change
during normal working conditions are
current, voltage, phase angle and frequency

 Protection is also needed for

abnormalities like over voltage, over
current, under frequency, loss of
excitation and heating of alternator.
A protective system will give the
annunciation to the control room
during abnormal conditions occurred.

Nature and causes of

fault
Insulation failure.
Conducting path failure.
Over voltages due to lightening or
switching surges.
Puncturing or breaking of insulators.
Failure of conducting path due to broken
conductors.
Failure of solid insulation due to aging,
heat, moisture, over voltage , accidental
contact with earth or earth screens, flash

Types of faults
Two broad classification of fault
(i) Symmetrical fault
(ii) Unsymmetrical fault
(iii) Simultaneous fault
(iv) Winding fault

(i) Symmetrical fault

A three phase fault is called as
symmetrical fault.
All the three phases are short
circuited

(ii) Unsymmetrical fault

Faults

Simultaneous fault
The above faults may occur
simultaneously even the previous
fault is cleared.

Winding fault
These fault occurs in the windings of
the electrical machines.
It is due to bad insulation.
Due to overloading.
Due to aging

Effects of faults
Heavy short circuit current may lead to
damage of the equipment.
Arcs may be created which may cause fire
hazards.
Reduction of supply voltage in the healthy
feeder.
Unbalancing of supply voltages and
currents lead to heating of rotating
machines.
Loss of stability.
Interruption of power to the consumers

Fault statistics

For design and planning of a power

system, the frequency of occurrence
of fault should be known.
Fault vs elements
Element

Overhead lines
Underground cables
Transformers

% of total fault

50
9
10

Generators

Switchgear

12

CT, PT, relays, control

equipment

12

Frequency of occurrence of
faults
Type of fault

% of total fault

L-G

85

L-L

L-L-G

3 PHASE

Evolution of protective relays

Fuses are used in olden days for protection
of power system as they were small size
generators.
But they suffered from replacing the fuses
before supply could be restored.
To overcome these difficulties,
electromagnetic type of relays were
introduced and were fast and economical.
Later induction type of relays were
developed.

 Rectifier bridge type of relays were

introduced after the invent of comparators
made of hall crystals.
Electronic relays using vacuum tubes were
then used but due to its complexity and
short life during transient they were
replaced by magnetic amplifier.
After that transistorised relays were
introduced which comes under static
relays.
Static relays are superior to

CIRCUIT BREAKER
TRIPPING CIRCUIT

Zones of protection

Zones of protection
Power system consists of generator,
transformer, bus bars, transmission
and distribution lines etc
Each of the above equipments should
be protected against fault or short
circuit.
So the power system is divided into
various zones such that each and
every component to be protected.

Zones of protection
The idea is to provide a ring of security around
each and every element of the power system
If there is any fault within this ring, the relays
associated with it must trip all the allied circuit
breakers so as to remove the faulty element
from the rest of the power system..
This 'ring of security' is called the zone of
protection.
Dead spot
Overlapping of zones are made to protect the
system.

Primary protection
Primary Protection
The primary protection scheme
ensures quick and selective clearing of
the faults within the boundary of the
circuit element it protects. Primary
Protection as a rule is provided for each
section of an electrical installation.

Causes of failure of primary

protection

Failure may be due to

(i) Current or voltage failure to
relay
(ii) DC tripping voltage
(iii) Protective relays
(iv) Tripping circuit
(v) Circuit breakers

Back up protection
Back-up protection is the name given
to a protection which backs the
primary protection whenever the
later fails in operation.
The back-up protection by definition
is slower than the protection.
The design of the back-up protection
needs to be coordinated with the
design of the primary protection

 Types of back up protection

1. Remote back up -- these will back up
entire primary protective schemes like
relay,CB,CT,PT
2. Relay back up --this is a local back up
in which additional relays are provided
3. Breaker back up --- local back up for bus
bar
where all the CBs are connected

QUALITIES OF RELAYS

SR
Selectivi
tyto
Able
discriminate
Fault, normal
And
abnormal
conditions
Able to
distinguish
zones of
Protection
Back up
Protection

Sensitivi
ty
Should
operate when
the current
exceeds the
preset value
occurs
Should not
operate when
the value is
below the
preset value

Stability
Should
remain in
stable for
large current
and fault not
in zone

Speed
Should
operate fast
to isolate the
faulty section
to minimise
damage and
maintain
stability
Operation of
relay is
typically
1 cycle (20 ms),
cycle (10 ms)
More for
distribution
systems

Reliabilit
yMust operate
when fault
occurs
Typical value
95%

Essential qualities of
protection
Selectivity and discrimination
The selectivity id the ability of the
protective system to identify the faulty
part correctly and disconnect that part
without affecting the rest of the healthy
part of system.
Discrimination
distinguish between
normal condition and abnormal condition
faulty section from healthy section

 Speed and time

A protective system must
disconnect the faulty system as fast
as possible.
If the faulty system is not
disconnected then,
(i) the system carrying current
will be damaged
(ii) leads to reduction of voltage

 The fault clearing time should be as

low as possible.
But a time lag is provided to
distinguish btw primary and back
up protection.
to prevent unnecessary operation
of relays

 Sensitivity
The sensitivity of the system is
the ability of the relay system to
operate with low value of actuating
quantity.
Stability
The ability of the system to be
inoperative and stable for transients,
disturbance and through faults.

 Simplicity and economy

it should be easily maintained
simpler systems are more
reliable
Normally the protection cost
should not exceed 5% of the total
cost

 Reliability
Ability of relay to work under
predetermined condition.
The reliability mainly depends on
the reliability of various protective
components like relay, CB, CT,PT,
etc.
Proper maintenance is needed.

Classification of protective schemes

Over current protection

Distance protection
Carrier current protection
Differential protection

 Over current protection

This consists of over current relays
which will operate when the current
exceeds its pick up value

Used for protecting distribution

lines

Large motors

 Distance protection
Here distance relays are used

Used for protection of transmission line

(33,66,132 KV)
This relay measures the distance between
relay location and fault in terms of
impedance, reactance etc
Various types are impedance, reactance and
mho relays
Impedance relay impedance of line
Reactance relayreactance

 Carrier current protection

Distance relays are used
used for EHV and UHV lines
carrier signal of 50 500 Kc/s is
generated
transmitter and receiver are placed
in the lines which sends and receives
information regarding direction of
fault and relays will tripped.

 Differential protection
Used for protecting generator , transformer,
motors etc of large size
CTs are placed at both the ends of equipments.
Under external fault or normal operating
condition the currents entering is equal to leaving
so the relay will not respond
But during internal fault the currents are not
equal and so the relay operates.

Automatic re closing
About 90% of the lines are of transient
in nature.
Transient faults are caused by lightning
or external bodies falling on the line
and such faults are associated with arc.
The fault will be cleared after
extinguishing the arc and immediately
the CB will be closed automatically.
For EHV lines 12 cycles is
recommended

 Lines upto 33 KV most faults are caused by

tree branches as they are over the lines.
These lines will have 15-120 seconds for
reclosure.
Statistics
80% cleared for one reclosure
10% cleared for two reclosures
2% cleared for three reclosures
8% for permanent faults
Reclosure is not for cables

CURRENT TRANSFORMER
Step down to handle relay reducing the
current values suitable for relay
Secondary in 1A / 5A
Isolates relay circuit from HV
Creates phase angle error and ratio error
Measurement CT requires accurate over normal
values
Protection CT requires to have correct ratio
accuracy is
not important for lower
values
CT burdon load connected to secondary of t/f
may be in terms of impedance
Types : bar type and wound type

% Ratio Error

NIS I P
x100
IP

N is nominal ratio rated Py current to rated Sy current

VOLTAGE TRANSFORMER
Step down to safe value to system and Personnel
Creates phase angle error and ratio error

PT Secondary 110 V
Ratio & Phase angle errors Voltage drop due to
mag & p.f of secondary burden.
Types:
Electromagnetic Type Upto 132 kV,
Capacitor Type 132 kV & Above Capacitance
Voltage
Divider L (to reduce Ratio &
Phase Angle Errors,
It introduces harmonics so not suitable

SUMMATION TARNSFORMER
To derive single phase quantity from
three phase quantity
Primary windings of summation
transformer connected to output of
current transformer
Turns between R & Y = Turns between Y
&B
More turns between B & N

IOUTPUT = (N+2)(IR) + (N+1)(IY) +NIB

IOUTPUT= (N+1)(I1+I2+I0) + (N+1)(a2I1+aI2+I1)
+N(aI1+a2I2+I0)
= 3I0(N+1) + (2+a2+a2N+aN+N)+I2(2+a+a2N+aN+N)
= 3I0(N+1) + I1(2+a2) + I2(2+a)
= K1I0+K1I1+K2I2

CERTAIN RELAY TERMINOLOGY

Relay Automatic device by an electric circuit is indirectly controlled and
is governed by
change in the quantity of same or another electric circuit.
Protective relay an automatic device which detects an abnormal
condition of a circuit
and causes CB to isolate the faulty element
Pick up threshold value above which the relay operates
Operating Time time elapses from the instant at which actuating
quantity exceeds to
instant relay
closes
contacts
Primary the
protectionIf a fault
occurs
it should clear the fault acts as first
line of defence Back up protection- If primary protection fails, it should clear the fault acts as second line
of defence
Inverse Definite
Minimum Time Relay - Relay gives inverse time
characteristics at lower
values and definite time
characteristics for higher
values of operating current
Reach- connection with distance relays relay operates when impedance
as seen by relay
is less than preset value - this preset impedance and corresponding

CERTAIN RELAY TERMINOLOGY

Contd..
Burden -

power consumed by the relay circuit at rated current

Blocking - prevention of tripping of the relay due to the operation of

an additional relay
Unit system of Protection - one which is able to detect and response to
fault occuring
only within its own zone of protection does
not respond for
fault beyond its zone of protection - examples are differential
protection for alternator and transformer etc.,
Protective Scheme consists of several protection schemes to
protect one or
more elements of power system