Polymer & Process Engineering

Department
University of Engineering & Technology,
Lahore

DISTILLATION

Week-3

Prof. Dr.G.M.Mamoor

05/31/10 Department of Polymer & Process Engineering, U.E.T. Lahore Course: Mass transfer
The Roult’s Law

yi P
γi =
If we rearrange this
equation, we find…
0
xi Pi Which is the same as Raoult’s law,
except for the activity coefficient.

yi P = γ i xi Pi 0 Raoult’s law applies to ideal

solutions, where the activity
coefficient is one.

The acetone water system is not ideal, since the

calculated activity coefficients are not one!!

05/31/10
Department of Chemical Engineering , U.E.T. Lahore Course: SHMT 2
The Four most common types of Low
Pressure VLE

 Ideal Solution Behavior γ =1

 Positive Deviations from Ideal Solution Behavior> 1 γ
<1
 Negative Deviations from Ideal Solution Behavior γ
 Two-Liquid Phase --Heteroazeotropes

05/31/10
Department of Chemical Engineering , U.E.T. Lahore Course: SHMT 3
Phase Equilibria

05/31/10
Department of Chemical Engineering , U.E.T. Lahore Course: SHMT 4
VLE

05/31/10
Department of Chemical Engineering , U.E.T. Lahore Course: SHMT 5
Equilibrium-Staged
Operation

05/31/10
Department of Chemical Engineering , U.E.T. Lahore Course: SHMT 6
Multi-stage Unit

05/31/10
Department of Chemical Engineering , U.E.T. Lahore Course: SHMT 7
Different Representation of VLE
Data

05/31/10
Department of Chemical Engineering , U.E.T. Lahore Course: SHMT 8
Antoine Equation:

05/31/10
Department of Chemical Engineering , U.E.T. Lahore Course: SHMT 9
Different Representation of VLE
Data

05/31/10
Department of Chemical Engineering , U.E.T. Lahore Course: SHMT 10
Graphical representation:

05/31/10
Department of Chemical Engineering , U.E.T. Lahore Course: SHMT 11
Different Representation of VLE
Data

05/31/10
Department of Chemical Engineering , U.E.T. Lahore Course: SHMT 12
Distribution coefficient (K-
value):

05/31/10
Department of Chemical Engineering , U.E.T. Lahore Course: SHMT 13
Relative Volatility (αAB)

05/31/10
Department of Chemical Engineering , U.E.T. Lahore Course: SHMT 14
Dew Point and Bubble Point
Temperatures

05/31/10
Department of Chemical Engineering , U.E.T. Lahore Course: SHMT 15
Bubble Point Temperature Calculation

05/31/10
Department of Chemical Engineering , U.E.T. Lahore Course: SHMT 16
Dew Point Temperature Calculation

05/31/10
Department of Chemical Engineering , U.E.T. Lahore Course: SHMT 17
An ideal Stage

• Purpose of a separation process:

(1) To increase product purity
• Flash distillation cannot always satisfy this purpose
(single-stage process).

05/31/10
Department of Chemical Engineering , U.E.T. Lahore Course: SHMT 18
Ideal stage
Let’s consider for a moment that we need to
purify the most volatile substance in a mixture.
Better separation can be achieved in a two-stage
process as shown below:

T2

T1

T1 > T2
P=constant!
05/31/10
Department of Chemical Engineering , U.E.T. Lahore Course: SHMT 19
Purification of the more volatile component only
(Multi-stage process)

T1 > T2>… TN
P=constant!

05/31/10
Department of Chemical Engineering , U.E.T. Lahore Course: SHMT 20
Purification of both components (binary
mixture)

Process drawbacks:
Intermediate
products are wasted
Unjustifiably costly
(Too many single-
stage units)
Many heating (or
cooling) steps, i.e.
too many
heat exchangers!

05/31/10
Department of Chemical Engineering , U.E.T. Lahore Course: SHMT 21
Purpose of a separation
process
 (2) To reduce consumption of the separating
agent
• We avoid wasting intermediate products by
re-introducing them to the process

• Intermediate streams are introduced at the stage

where their composition is similar to that of the feed

05/31/10
Department of Chemical Engineering , U.E.T. Lahore Course: SHMT 22
Improvement
T1 > T2>… TN
Improvements:
• Intermediate products are
P=constant circulated
• Significant amounts of
vapour/liquid per stage
• Heat exchangers are not
Note: needed
T’1< T’2<… T’N

The process becomes more economical if

we stack and combine all the units into a
single one
05/31/10
Department of Chemical Engineering , U.E.T. Lahore Course: SHMT 23
 Distillation Column

Condenser

Reflux
Lower T

Feed

Stripping Section
(below feed)

05/31/10
Department of Chemical Engineering , U.E.T. Lahore Course: SHMT 24