Graphical

Methods

3.0 Why Graphs ?

Sebuah grafik bermakna seribu kata.

Orang umumnya merasa lebih mudah untuk
memahami informasi ketika disajikan dalam
grafik bukan sebagai tabel angka..

A graph will indicate:

(a) The range of the measurements taken
(b) The uncertainty in each measurement
(c) The existence or otherwise of trends
(d) The existence of outlying data

Temperature

80
60

Data point showing

error bars for both
Temperature (vertical)
and Time (horizontal)

40
20
0

outlying data point

20

40

60

80

100

120

Time (sec)

3.1 Graphs The Basics

The most used graph in science
is the Cartesian Coordinate
Graph, better known as the x y
graph.
The y axis is known as the
ordinate and the x axis as the
abscissa.

Kuantitas yang dikendalikan atau

sengaja bervariasi sepanjang
percobaan adalah Variable bebas dan
diplot pada sumbu x
Kuantitas yang bervariasi dalam
menanggapi perubahan dalam
variabel bebas disebut Variable Tak
bebas dan diplot pada sumbu y

Temperature versus Time

Y
axis (0C)
Temp

Ordinate
Dependent Variable

ALL graphs require a TITLE,

and AXIS labels and UNITS

X axis
Time
(Sec)
Abscissa
Independent Variable

3.2 Graphs Origins, Scales &

Symbols
On most graphs the numbering of
both the axes begins at zero, so the
bottom left hand corner of the graph
is the point (0,0) and is called the
ORIGIN.

Bad data point

Temperature
0
C
Good data points

80

However there is no law that states

that an origin must be included in a
graph.
Sometimes including an origin will
produce too coarse a scale which may
hide important information.

60

ORIGIN

40
20
0

20

40

60

80

100

120

Time (sec)

Skala harus dipilih sehingga

memungkinkan grafik untuk
mengisi seluruh halaman,
sementara meninggalkan
ruang yang cukup untuk
satuanldan judul
Data points (with or without
error bars) should be too big
rather than too small so as
they cannot be mistaken for
a smudge on the page

3.3
Error Bars & Line Drawing
Uncertainties in the quantities
being graphed are indicated by
attaching error bars to each of
the data points. They can be
vertical, horizontal or both.
Their length indicates the size of
the uncertainty associated with
that data point.
Temperature

60
40
20
0

20

Where error bars are very small,

due to the scales used, it is
advisable to omit them from the
graph.
When connecting data points it is
difficult to draw freehand smooth
curve
A flexi - curve is probably the best
way to draw curves through data.

80

Error bars may:

remain the same size
for all data points or,
vary in size from data
point to data point.

40

60

80

100

120

As long as the curve fits within the

error bars, the data has been joined
together in a valid way.
Time (sec)

3.4 Linear Graphs

It is hard to determine exact

mathematical relationships
from curved graphs.

Recognising that the temperature

time graph shown previously
indicates an inverse relationship
(Temp 1/Time) and
manipulating the data will give:

Converting the graph to a linear or

straight line graph allows
quantitative relationships to be
determined.
Linear graphs are important in
the analysis of experimental data
because:
(a) The slope or gradient and y
intercept can be calculated
(b) Departure from linearity can be
easily seen
(c) Outliers are easily identified
(d) A mathematical relationship
between y and x is easily
determined

Temperature

80
60
40
20
0

2.5

5.0

1/Time x 10-2 (sec)

3.5 Line of Best Fit

Temperature

Is the red line the only line that

can be drawn to join the data
points ?
Obviously not, other lines can
be drawn.
Is the red line the best line to
join the data ?

80
60
40
20
0

2.5

5.0

1/Time x 10-2 (sec)

Rules for drawing a Line of Best Fit:

1. Place a clear plastic ruler over the data
points.
2. Move the ruler until the data points are
equally placed above and below the straight
edge.
3. Generally the origin is not a special point,
dont force the line through it.
4. Use a pencil to draw a fine line along the
straight edge.

Yes, because it meets the criteria

for a line of best fit.
It passes through all the error
bars.
It has as many data points above
the line as below and the
distances above and below total
about the same.

3.6 Determining Relationships

Linearising the relationship between variables allows you to use the general
equation for a straight line (y = mx + c) to determine the mathematical law
which relates the variables.
Temperature

In this case:
y = Temperature (oC)
m = Slope of Graph
x = 1/Time (sec)
c = Temperature axis intercept

80
60
40

Rise

20
0

Run

2.5

c = +5

5.0

Slope = Rise/Run
= (75 5)/(5 x 10-2 - 0)
= 1400
= 1.4 x 103

1/Time x 10-2 (sec)

Thus: Temp = 1.4 x 103 (1/Time) + 5

3.7 Interpolation & Extrapolation

Setelah garis terbaik telah tergambarkan dari data yg tersedia, ini akan
menjadi mudah untuk menentukan nilai y maupun x
When the y or x value falls
within the range of known data
points INTERPOLATION is
occurring.
Interpolation Region

Temperature
0

Determining a value of a variable

(y and/or x) outside the range of
those already known,
EXTRAPOLATION is occurring.

80

Extrapolation
Regions

60
40
20
0

2.5

5.0

1/Time x 10-2 (sec)

Dari kedua proses, interpolasi pada

dasarnya lebih dapat diandalkan
dibandingkan dg ekstrapolasi

Temperature

80
60
40
20
0
0

2.5

5.0

1/Time x 10-2 (sec)

Gradien best straight = 4,9/2,6= 1,9 mm/det

Gradien bottom of error bars = 5,7/2,6= 2,2 mm/det
Gradien top of error bars = 4,1/2,6= 1,6 mm/det
Gradien dan ketidak pastian = 1,90,3 mm/det
Intercept : 0,5; 0,1; 1,1

Ketidakpastian Intercept : (1,1-0.1)/2=0,5

s/t

In this case:
y = s/t
m = Slope of Graph=1/2a
x=t
c = axis intercept=v

VARIASI PANJANG TERHADAP TEMPERTUR

L
T

Log (N)

In this case:
y = log(N)
m = Slope of Graph=-
x=t
c = axis intercept=log(No)

Logarithmic graphs

Log(I)

In this case:
y = log(I)
m = Slope of Graph=n
x = log(d)
c = axis intercept=log(A)

Log (d)

Persamaan yg disusun berdasarkan

bentuk y=mx+c
persamaan

Var
takbebas

Var
bebas

kontant
a

ploting

m c

F= N

F vs N

V=u+at

U,a

V vs t

R=AT+BTT

A,B

R/T vs T B

I=Io exp(-x)

Io,

Ln(I) vs
x

Ln(Io
)

H=C(T-To)

C,To

H vs T

-CTo

I=AVexp(BV^2)

A,B

Ln(I/V vs -B Ln(A)
V^2

2, g

T vs l

1/v vs
1/u

0
-1

1/f

Persamaan yg disusun bercadarkan

bentuk y=mx+c

Sebuah eksperimen menghitung percepatan gravitasi di suatu

tempat menggunakan pendulum didapatkan data l = panjang
tali pendulum, T adalah periode. Tentukan nilai percepatan
gravitasi

l(cm) 57,3 61,1 73,2 83,7 95,0

T (s) 1,521 1,567 1,718 1,835 1,952

Soal 1: tentukan nilai A

dan n

Temperatur
(K)
1500
1600
1700
1800
1900
2000
2100
2200
2300
2400
2500

H (W)
150
190
230
300
360
440
560
680
800
930
1100