Real Time Radioscopy Image Processing

REAL TIME RADIOSCOPY
IMAGE
PROCESSING
REAL TIME
RADIOSCOPY (RTR)
ONISING RADIATION PASSED THROUGH AN OBJECT

RODUCE AN IMAGE ON A VIDEO MONITOR. IMAGE
IEWED IN CONCURRENT IRRADIATION.
-RAY IMAGE IS CONVERTED INTO A DIGITAL IMAGE
HROUGH A LONG CHAIN CONSISTING OF AN IMAGE
NTENSIFIER, OPTICAL LENS SYSTEM, VIDEO CAMER
ND ANLOG TO DIGITAL CONVERTER ELECTRONICS.
-RAY VOLTAGES - 50 TO 320 Kv
-RAY IMAGE - POSITIVE - SIZE LIMITED TO I.I.
SCREEN DIA (150 TO 400 mm)
REAL TIME RADIOSCOPY AND

DIGITAL IMAGE PROCESSING
TECHNIQUES FOR ON LINE
INSPECTION OF WELDS IN
BOILER TUBES
BY
R.J.PARDIKAR
NDT / BHEL
TIRUCHIRAPALLI - 14

IMAGE PROCESSING
IMAGE INTENSIFIER TUBE SYSTEM
CONVERTS THE X-RAY IMAGE TO LIGHT THEN TO

ELECTRONS AND BACK TO LIGHT ON THE OUTPUT
SCREEN OF THE TUBE.
PRIMARY SCREEN
- CAESIUM IODIDE (CsI)
EFFICIENT WITH X-RAY
ENERGIES 30 - 320 Kv
IMAGE RESOLUTION - X2 OR X3
LUMINATION GAIN
- 3000 - 10,000
SUITABLE FOR MOST CCTV
CAMERAS

IMAGE PROCESSING
WHY REAL TIME RADIOSCOPY ON

TUBE WELDS?
A. INTRODUCTION OF SEMI-AUTOMATIC MIG
WELDING FOR BOILER TUBES IN 1970S.
B. TURN OVER PER SHIFT HIGH - 100 Jts.
C.CONVENTIONAL RADIOGRAPHY TIME
CONSUMING - COULD NOT COPE WITH
PRODUCTION SCHEDULE
D. SEGREGATION OF ACCEPTABLE TUBE WELDS
SIMPLE - FOR IMMEDIATE ASSEMBLY AFTER
EXAMINATION.

IMAGE PROCESSING
MERITS OF RADIOSCOPY
A. IMMEDIATE RESULTS - CONCURRENT WITH

EXAMINATION
B. FEED BACK ON WELDING PERFORMANCE MODIFICATION OF WELDING PARAMETERS POSSIBLE
C. COST EFFECTIVE IN THE LONG RUN ( FILMS SAVED)
D. DYNAMIC IMAGING OF FLAWS
E. ALIGHNMENT OF X-RAY BEAM FOR LACK OF FUSION
BY SWIVELLING ARRANGEMENT
F. STATIC VIEWING ON STOP-START CRITICAL AREA
G. REMOTE VIEWING , INCREASED SAFETY

IMAGE PROCESSING
IMAGE QUALITY
ASSESSED IN TERMS OF :-
SHARPNESS
CONTRAST
NOISE LEVEL

IMAGE PROCESSING
IMAGE UNSHARPNESS
THE DEFENITION OF AN X-RAY TELEVISION IMAGE IS

CONTROLLED BY :
THE INHERENT UNSHARPNESS OF PRIMARY
CONVERSION SCREEN (TYPICALLY - 0.3 mm)
GEOMETRIC UNSHARPNESS DUE TO X-RAY TUBE
FOCAL SPOT SIZE AND PROJECTIVE MAGNIFICATION
THE SIZE OF THE PIXEL MATRIX IN RELATION TO THE
LENGTH OF THE WELD IMAGED (TYPICALLY - 0.2 mm)
THE LINE RASTER OF THE TELEVISION DISPLAY (ONE
LINE PAIR - 0.4 mm)
IMAGE INTENSIFIER RESOLUTION VARIES WITH
ELECTRONIC MAGNIFICATION
VARIES FROM CENTRE TO EDGE
REAL TIME
RADIOLSCOPY IMAGE
PROCESSING
DEFECTS
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
IN STBW
BURN THROUGH
WIRE STUB
INCOMPLETE PENETRATION
LACK OF FUSION
GAS HOLE OR POROSITY
SURFACE DEFECTS

IMAGE PROCESSING
IMAGE CONTRAST
FILM RADIOGRAPHY : CONTRAST ENHANCEMENT

FACTOR - 4 TO 6
RTR
CONTRAST
: NO INCREASE IN
RTR WITH IMAGE PROCESSING:

CONTRAST ENHANCEMENT PROGRAMMES FOR
BOTH OVERALL AND LOCAL - AVAILABLE
REAL TIME
RADEIOSCOPY IMAGE
PROCESSING
IMAGE NOISE
NOISY IMAGE :
PRODUCED BY SMALL QUANTA OF X-RAY

OBSCURES IMAGE DETAILS
WAYS TO MINIMISE NOISE IMAGE:

1. USE PRIMARY CONVERSION SCREEN
2. USE HIGH OUTPUT X-RAYS (HIGHER Kv)
3. SIGNAL INTEGRATION OVER SEVERAL SECS.

IMAGE PROCESSING
IMAGE QUALITY REQUIREMENTS
WIRE TYPE IQI (CONVENTIONAL)

- NOT SATISFACTORY
- IQI SENSITYVITY - GOOD
- DEFECT SENSITIVITY - POOR
DUPLEX WIRE IQI

- TYPE III A OF BS 3971 : 1985
- HAS GOOD IQI AND DEFECT SENSITIVITY

IMAGE PROCESSING
IMAGE PROCESSING
CONVERTS ANALOG SIGNAL TO DIGITAL

TV SIGNAL SAMPLED AND CONVERTED TO 1
BYTE DEEP DATA WORD
IMAGE SIZE 512X512=262144 PIXELS
A BLACK & WHITE IMAGE HAVE 262144 GREY
LEVELS
INTENSITY OF I PIXEL REPRESENTS 1 GREY
LEVEL
GREY LEVEL OF A PIXEL - 0 T0 255
INPUT SIGNAL DIGITALLY INTEGRATED OVER
SEVERAL VIDEO FRAMES

IMAGE PROCESSING
IMAGE PROCESSING FOR

WELD INSPECTION
A) QUANTUM NOISE REDUCTION BY

FRAME INTEGRATION
B) THICKNESS EQUALISATION ACROSS
THE IMAGE
C) CONTRAST ENHANCEMENT (LOCAL /
OVERALL)
D) IMAGE CRISPENING BY EDGE
ENHANCEMENT
REAL TIME
RADIOSCOPY IMAGE
PROCESSING
IMAGE DATA ANALYSIS
PURPOSE :
- TO GET HIGH CONTRAST AND

- RESOLUTION OVER THE RAW IMAGE
STEPS :
- DIGITISATION OF ANALOG VIDEO IMAGE BY
ADC
- IMAGE ENHANCEMENT USING PROCESSING
SOFTWARE
- RECONVERSION OF DIGITAL SIGNAL TO
ANALOG IMAGE BY ADC

IMAGE PROCESSING
REAL TIME X-RAY IMAGING SYSTEM

FOR BOILER TUBES
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
SYSTEM CONFIGURATION
TUBE HANDLING SYSTEM

X-RAY GENERATOR
IMAGE INTENSIFIER
OPTICAL COUPLING SYSTEM
VIDEO CAMERAS
IMAGE PROCESSOR
VIDEO MONITOR
REALTIME RADIOSCOPY
IMAGE PROCESSING
HANDLING DONE FROM RTR CONTROL

ROOM
1. TUBE STAND - TO STORE WELDED JTS.
2. TUBE MOVEMENT SYSTEM TO MOVE
THE WELD INTO THE RADIATION
CHAMBER
3. TUBE ROTATION SYSTEM
TUBE HANDLING SYSTEM

IMAGE PROCESSING
X-RAY GENERATOR
320 Kv - CONSTANT POTENTIAL
- DUAL FOCUS 3X3 mm OR 1.2X1.2 mm

- TUBE CURRENT - MAX. 10 Ma
IMAGE INTENSIFIER
INPUT SCREEN DIA

OUTPUT SCREEN DIA
RESOLUTION
VIEWING SCREEN
: 220 mm
: 20 mm
: 48 LINE PAIR / CM
: P 20

IMAGE PROCESSING
IMAGE PROCESSING SOFTWARE
FOR IMAGE IMPROVEMENT

POINT TRANSFORMATION
GREY LEVEL MANIPULATION
TWO DIMENSIONAL TRANSFORMATION
MATHEMATICAL PROCEDURE
TRANSFORMS ORIGINAL IMAGE INTO
FILTERED IMAGE

IMAGE PROCESSING
IMAGE PROCESSING SOFTWARE
DISPLAY / SAVE IMAGES & SUB-IMAGES

ACQUIRE IMAGES FROM X-RAY
HISTOGRAM
SCALING
GRADIENTS - SOBEL, LAPLACE, ROBERT
CONVULTION
ANNOTATION
IMAGE PROCESSING
FILTERS :
1. LOWPASS 2. HIGHPASS 3. MEDIAN
4. MODE 5. EXPONENTIAL 6. WALLIS
7. LAPLACIAN 8. GAUSS 9. LOGRITHMIC
IMAGE ADDITION / SUBTRACTION
ZOOM
BINARY
LINEAR INTENSITY MAPPING
ACQUIRING & ENHANCING TIME : 20 TO 120 SECS.
DEPENDING ON THE COMBINATION OF SOFTWARE

IMAGE PROCESSING
IMAGE PROCESSING
HARDWARE
1. PERSONAL COMPUTER
MAIN MEMORY - 64 MB RAM
HARD DISC
4 GB
2. DT 2851 - FRAME GRABBER BOARD
3. DT 2858 - FRAME PROCESSOR BOARD
4. OPTICAL DISC

IMAGE PROCESSING
CONCLUSION
DIGITAL IMAGE PROCESSING - AN ESSENTIAL

TOOL IN RTR EVALUATION
RELIABLE DEFECT DETECTION GUARANTEED

REDUCES HUMAN ERRORS IN INTERPRETATION
CAN SUBSTITUE FILM RADIOGRAPHY
SATISFIES NATIONAL & INTERNATIONAL CODES
INCREASES PRODUCTIVITY

IMAGE PROCESSING
EDGE
ENHANCEMENT
REMOVE HIGH AND LOW SPATIAL FREQUENCY

DATA FROM AN IMAGE BY USING DIGITAL
FILTERING
SPECIMEN REPRESENTS SUDDEN VARIATION IN
GREY LEVEL
THE GREY VARIATION CAN BE BOOSTED USING
FILTERS
EDGE ENHANCEMENT CAN SHARPEN THE
REPRESENTATION OF INTERNAL STRUCTURE

IMAGE PROCESSING
CONTRAST ENHANCEMENT
VIDEO SIGNAL DYNAMIC RANGE IS LIMITED

BECAUSE OF NOISE SUPRESSION TECHNIQUE
SPECIAL FUNCTION IS USED TO REPOSITION THE
DIFFERENT GREY VALUES BETWEEN BLACK AND
WHITE
BY MODIFYING THE BRIGHTNESS LEVELS, THE
HIGH FREQUENCY COMPONENTS ARE EMPHASISED
AND LOW FREQUENCY COMPONENTS ARE
ATTENUATED
THE ORIGINAL IMAGE DATA IS NOT MODIFIED BUT
THE DISPLAY ALONE IS SUITABLY MODIFIED

IMAGE PROCESSING
PROJECTIVE
MAGNIFICATION
THE IMAGE OF DETAIL IN THE WELD IS

PROJECTED LARGER THAN TRUE SIZE ON TO
THE SCREEN WITHOUT SIGNIFICANT LOSS IN
IMAGE SHARPNESS
MICROFOCAL X-RAY TUBE IS REQUIRED
PROJECTIVE MAGNIFICATION RESULTS IN

CONSIDERABLE REDUCTION IN THE PROPORTION OF
SCATTERED RADIATION REACHING THE DETECTOR
SCREEN AND IMPROVES THE CONTRAST OF IMAGE
THE MAGNIFICATION OF IMAGE MEANS THAT

THE NUMBER OF PIXELS ON SCREEN COVER
SMALLER AREA OF THE WELD

IMAGE PROCESING
PROJECTIVE
MAGNIFICATION
TO OBTAIN PROJECTIVE MAGNIFICATION OF (SAY)

5X, THE DETECTOR-TO-WELD DISTANCE MUST BE
FIVE TIMES LARGER THAN FOCUS TO WELD
DISTANCE. THIS MAY BE PHYSICALLY DIFFICULT .
RESULTS IN POOR WELD COVERAGE.
SLOWS THE SPEED OF INSPECTION.
IN RTR OF STB WELDS MAGNIFICATION OF THE
ORDER OF 1.3 TO 1.5 IS NORMAL.
DUAL LENS SYSTEM WITH MOTORISED ZOOM LENS
PROVIDES ADDITIONAL MAGNIFICATION OF 2X.

IMAGE PROCESSING
PROJECTIVE
MAGNIFICATION
THE UNSHARPNESS RELATIVE TO THE ACTUAL

SIZE OF THE SPECIMEN IS REDUCED.
HIGH MAGNIFICATION ABOVE 2 IS PRACTICABLE
ONLY WITH MICROFOCAL X-RAY EQUIPMENT.
HOWEVER POTENTIALLY A VERY POWERFUL
TECHNIQUE.
THANK
YOU

Real Time Radioscopy Image Processing

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Real Time Radioscopy Image Processing

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REAL TIME RADIOSCOPY

ONISING RADIATION PASSED THROUGH AN OBJECT

REAL TIME RADIOSCOPY AND