Professional Documents
Culture Documents
(DC-AC Converters)
INVERTERS
In SEE 4433, regardless of the control method, the circuit
topology of single-phase inverter are of two types: Full-bridge
and half-bridge
A.
Full-bridge inverter
Q1
D1
io
Vdc
Q4
D4
Q3
D3
Q2
D2
vo
INVERTERS
In SEE 4433, regardless of the control method, the circuit
topology of single-phase inverter are of two types: Full-bridge
and half-bridge
B. half-bridge
inverter
C1
+
Vdc/2
Vdc
C2
+
Vdc/2
Q1
D1
vo
Q2
D2
INVERTERS
Square-wave inverter (with fullbridge)
S1, S2
S3, S4
S1, S2
INVERTERS
Square-wave inverter (with fullbridge)
Current path for inductive
load:
Q1
D1
io
Vdc
Q4
D4
Q3
D3
Q2
D2
vo
INVERTERS
TOTAL HARMONIC DISTORTION
THD is used to measure the quality of the AC voltage or current
INVERTERS
Quasi-square wave inverter Amplitude and harmonic
control
INVERTERS
Quasi-square wave inverter Amplitude and harmonic
control
vo (t)
V sin n t
n
n,odd
where
Vn
4Vdc
cos n
n
INVERTERS
Quasi-square wave inverter Amplitude and harmonic
control
Amplitude control
Amplitude of fundamental
component:
V1
4Vdc
cos
V3
4Vdc
cos 3(30o ) 0
3
INVERTERS
Quasi-square wave inverter Amplitude and harmonic
control
Simultaneous control of amplitude and harmonic
In order to be able to control amplitude and harmonic
simultaneously, variable Vdc has to be added
Vn
4Vdc
cos n
n
Controlled via DC
link
Fixed DC
voltage
DC-DC Variable
converte DC
r
Invert
er
Load
INVERTERS
Quasi-square wave inverter Amplitude and harmonic
control
Switching signals (full-bridge inverter)
S1
S1
S2
S2
S3
S3
S4
S4
INVERTERS
Pulse Width Modulation
Is a method used to control the output voltage (amplitude
and frequency) of an inverter by modulating the width of
the pulses of the output waveform
Main advantages of PWM control:
Filter requirement is reduced
Amplitude and frequency can be control independently
Significant reduction in THD of load current (inductive load)
Disadvantages of PWM control:
More complex control circuit
Higher switching losses
In SEE4433, two switching scheme for single-phase inverter
will be discussed:
Bipolar switching scheme
Unipolar switching scheme
INVERTERS
Pulse Width Modulation
Bipolar switching scheme
INVERTERS
Pulse Width Modulation
Bipolar switching scheme
fsine
ftri
Vm,sine
mf
Vm,tri
ftri
fsin
ma
Vm,sin
Vm,tri
INVERTERS
Harmonics in PWM single-phase inverter
INVERTERS
Harmonics in PWM single-phase inverter : Bipolar switching
scheme
If m is chosen as odd integer with the triangular wave
f
INVERTERS
Pulse Width Modulation
Unipolar switching
scheme
Vab = va - vb
INVERTERS
Harmonics in PWM single-phase inverter : Unipolar switching
scheme
The frequency of the output voltage is doubled.
If mf is chosen as even integer then the first cluster of
harmonics appear around 2mf (the harmonic at 2mf
itself is zero)
INVERTERS
Harmonics in PWM single-phase inverter :
Comparison between square wave and PWM
SQUARE-WAVE
Contains harmonics at relatively low frequency: 3rd, 5th, 7th,
9th, etc.
In order to improve the THDV , a low pass filter can be
employed filter will be bulky since cutoff frequency is
low difficult to remove harmonics since at the same time
must ensure fundamental component is not attenuated.
PWM
Harmonics appear around mf which is further away from
fundamental.
To improve THDV, filter with higher cutoff can be used
smaller in size easier to filter out harmonics.
PWM
mf = 21
Square wave
5
n
11
13
1
19
3
21
5
23
7
25
11
13
15
17
INVERTERS
Three-phase inverters
Six-step inverter
S1
S3
S1
S2
S3
Vdc
S4
A
n
S5
S6
S4
Vdc
vAo
S6
S2
vBo
vCo
vAB
vAn
S5
2
Vdc
3
1
Vdc
3
INVERTERS
Three-phase inverters
PWM inverter
mf is chosen to be multiple of 3 so
that the harmonic at multiple of
3, including mf (and its multiple)
are suppressed (or canceled out)
in the line-line voltage