Chemistry Slides About Elements, Compounds and The Periodic Table

Chapter 3:
Elements, Compounds,
and the Periodic Table
Chemistry: The Molecular
Nature of Matter, 6E
Jespersen/Brady/Hyslop
Modern Periodic Table
with group labels and chemical families identified
Actinides
Note: Placement of elements 58 71 and 90 103 saves space

Chemistry: The Molecular Nature of
Representative/Main Group
Elements
A groupsLonger
columns
Alkali Metals
1A = first group
Very reactive
All Metals except for H
Tend to form +1 ions
React with oxygen
Form compounds that dissolve in water
Yield strongly caustic or alkaline solution
(M2O)
Elements
A groupsLonger columns
Alkaline Earth Metals
2A = second group
Reactive
Tend to form +2 ions
Oxygen compounds are strongly alkaline
(MO)
Many are not water soluble
Accumulate in ground
Elements
Halogens
7A = next to last group on right
Reactive
Form diatomic molecules in elemental
state
2 gases
1 liquid
2 solids
Form 1 ions with alkali metalssalts

Elements
Noble Gases
8A = last group on right
Inertvery unreactive
Only heavier elements of group react & then
very limited
Dont form charged ions
Monatomic gases
Transition Elements
B groupsshorter columns
All are metals
In center of table
Begin in fourth row
Tend to form ions with several different
charges
Ex.
Fe2+ and Fe3+
Cu+ and Cu2+
Mn2+, Mn3+, Mn4+, Mn5+, Mn6+, Mn7+
Note: Last 3 columns all have 8B designation

Inner Transition Elements

Lanthanide elements
Elements 58 71
Actinide elements
Elements 90 103
At bottom of periodic table
Tend to form +2 and +3 ions.
All Actinides are radioactive
Metals, Nonmetals, or
Elements break
down into 3 broad categories
Metalloids
Organized by regions of periodic table

Metals
Left-hand side
Sodium, lead, iron, gold
Nonmetals
Upper right hand corner
Oxygen, nitrogen, chlorine
Metalloids
Diagonal line between metals & nonmetals
Boron to astatine
Metals, Nonmetals, or
Metalloids
10
Metals
Most elements in periodic table
Properties
Metallic luster
Shine or reflect light
Malleable
Can be hammered or
rolled into thin sheets
Ductile
Can be drawn into wire
Hardness
Some hard iron & chromium
Some soft sodium, lead, copper
11
Properties of Metals
Conduct heat & electricity
Solids at Room Temperature
Melting points (mp) > 25 C
Hg only liquid metal (mp = 39 C)
Tungsten (W) (mp = 3400 C)
Highest known for metal
Chemical reactivity
Varies greatly
Au, Pt
Na, K
very unreactive
very reactive
12
Nonmetals
17 elements
Upper right hand corner of periodic table
Exist mostly as compounds rather than as

pure elements
Many are Gases
Monatomic (Noble)
Diatomic
He, Ne, Ar, Kr, Xe, Rn

H2, O2, N2, F2, Cl2
Some are Solids: I2, Se8, S8, P4, C

3 forms of Carbon (graphite, coal, diamond)
One is liquid: Br2

13
Properties of Nonmetals
Brittle
Pulverize when struck
Insulators
Non-conductors of
electricity and heat
Chemical reactivity
Some inert
Noble gases
Some reactive
F2, O2, H2
React with metals to form ionic

compounds
14
Metalloids
8 Elements
Located on diagonal line between metals &
nonmetals
B, Si, Ge, As, Sb, Te, Po, At
Properties
Between metals & nonmetals
Metallic shine
Brittle like nonmetal
Semiconductors
Conduct electricity
But not as well as metals
Silicon (Si) & germanium (Ge)
15
Your Turn!
Which of the following statements is
correct?
A.Cu is a representative transition element
B.Na is an alkaline earth metal
C.Al is a semimetal in group IIIA
D.F is a representative halogen
E.None of these are correct
16
Ions & Ionic Compounds

Ions
Transfer of 1 or more electrons from 1 atom to
another
Form electrically charged particles
Ionic compound
Compound composed of ions
Formed from metal & nonmetal
Infinite array of alternating Na+ & Cl ions
Formula unit
Smallest neutral unit of ionic compound
Smallest whole-number ratio of ions
17
Formation of Ionic
Compounds
+ Non-metal
ionic
Metal
compound
2Na(s) + Cl2(g)
Na + Cl
Na
+ Cl
2NaCl(s)
NaCl(s)
e
18
Ionic Compounds
Cations
Positively charged ions
Formed from metals
Atoms lose electrons
Ex. Na has 11 e & 11 p+Na+ has 10 e & 11 p+
Anions
Negatively charged ions
Formed from non-metals
Atoms gain electrons
Ex. Cl has 17 e & 17 p+ Cl has 16 e & 17 p+
19
Experimental Evidence for

Ions
Electrical conductivity requires charge movement

Ionic compounds:
Do not conduct electricity in solid state
Do conduct electricity in liquid & aqueous states
where ions are free to move
Molecular compounds:
Do not conduct electricity in any state
Molecules are comprised of uncharged particles
20
Ions of Representative
Can use periodic
table to predict ion
Elements
charges
When we use North American numbering of

groups: Cation positive charge = group
21
Ions of Representative
Elements
Noble gases are
especially stable
Nonmetals
Negative () charge on anion = # spaces
you have to move to right to get to noble
gas
Expected charge on O is
Move 2 spaces to right
O2
Ne
What is expected charge on N?

Move 3 spaces to right
N3
22
Rules For Writing Ionic

1. Cation givenFormulas
first in formula
2. Subscripts in formula must produce
electrically neutral formula unit
3. Subscripts must be smallest whole
numbers possible
Divide by 2 if all subscripts are even
May have to repeat several times
4. Charges on ions not included in finished

formula unit of substance
If no subscript, then 1 implied

23
Determining Ionic Formulas

Ex. Formula of ionic compound formed
when magnesium reacts with oxygen
Mg is group 2A
Forms +2 ion or Mg2+
O is group 6A
Forms 2 ion or O2
To get electrically neutral particle need
1:1 ratio of Mg2+ & O2
Formula: MgO
24
Determining Ionic Formulas

Criss-cross rule
Make magnitude of charge on one ion
into subscript for other
When doing this, make sure that
subscripts are reduced to lowest whole
number.
Ex. What is the formula of ionic

compound formed between aluminum
3+
2
Al
O
Al2O3
& oxygen ions?
25
Your Turn!
Which of the following is the correct formula
for the formula unit composed of potassium
and oxygen ions?
A.KO
B.KO2
C.K2O
D.P2O3
E.K2O2
Your Turn!
Which of the following is the correct formula
for the formula unit composed of Fe3+ and
sulfide ions?
A.FeS
B.Fe3S2
C.FeS3
D.Fe2S3
E.Fe4S6
Cations of Transition Metals

Transition metals
Center (shorter) region of periodic table
Much less reactive than group 1A & 2A
Still transfer electrons to nonmetals to form ionic compounds
# of electrons transferred less clear
Form more than 1 positive ion
Can form more than 1
compound with same non-metal
Ex. Fe + Cl
FeCl2 & FeCl3
28
Cations of Post-transition
Post-transition metals
Metals
9 metals Ga, In, Sn, Tl, Pb, Bi, Uut, Uuq, Uub
After transition metals & before metalloids
2 very important ones tin (Sn) & lead (Pb)
Both have 2 possible oxidation states
Both form 2 compounds with same nonmetal
Ex. Ionic compounds of tin & oxygen are

SnO & SnO2
Bismuth
Only has +3 charge
Bi3+
29
Ions of Some Transition Metals &

Post-transition Metals
30
Compounds with Polyatomic Ions

Binary compounds
Compounds formed from 2 different elements
Polyatomic ions
Ions composed of 2 or more atoms linked by
molecular bonds
If ions are negative, they have too many
electrons
If ions are positive, they have too few electrons
Formulas for ionic compounds containing

polyatomic ions
Follow same rules as ionic compounds
Polyatomic ions are expressed in parentheses
31
Table 3.4 Polyatomic Ions

(Alternate Name in
parentheses)
32
Learning Check
Ex. What is the formula of the ionic
compound formed between ammonium
and phosphate ions?
Ammonium = NH4+
Phosphate = PO43
(NH4)+
(NH4)3PO4
3
)
Ex. (PO
Between
strontium ion and nitrate ion?
4
Strontium = Sr2+
Nitrate = NO32
Sr2+ (NO3)
Sr(NO3)2
33
Nomenclature (Naming)
IUPAC system to standardize name of
chemical compounds
One system so that anyone can
reconstruct formula from name
We will look at naming Ionic Compounds of
Representative metals
Transition metals
Monatomic ions
Polyatomic ions
Hydrates
34
Naming Ionic Compounds

Cations:
Metal that forms only 1 positive ion
Cation name = English name for metal
Na+
sodium
Ca2+ calcium
Metal that forms more than 1 positive ion

Use Stock System
Cation name = English name followed by
numerical value of charge written as Roman
numeral in parentheses (no spaces)
Transition metal
Cr2+
chromium(II)
Cr3+
chromium(III)
35
Naming Ionic Compounds

Anions:
Monatomic anions named by adding
ide suffix to stem name for element
Polyatomic ions use names in Table 3.5
36
Learning Check: Name The

Following
K2O
potassium oxide
NH4ClO3
ammonium
chlorate
Mg(C2H3O2)2
Cr2O3
ZnBr2
magnesium acetate
chromium(III) oxide
zinc bromide
37
Learning Check: Determine

The Formula
Calcium hydroxide
Ca(OH)2
Manganese(II) bromide
MnBr2
Ammonium phosphate
(NH4)3PO4
Mercury(I) nitride
(Hg2)3N2
38
Your Turn!
Which is the correct name for Cu2S?
A.
B.
C.
D.
copper sulfide
copper(II) sulfide
copper(II) sulfate
copper(I) sulfide
E. copper(I) sulfite
Your Turn!
Which is the correct formula for ammonium
sulfite?
a) NH4SO3
b) (NH4)2SO3
c) (NH4)2SO4
d) NH4S
e) (NH4)2S
40
Naming Hydrates
Ionic compounds
Crystals contain water molecules
Fixed proportions relative to ionic substance
Naming
Name ionic compound
Give number of water molecules in formula
using Greek prefixes
mono = 1
di= 2
tri= 3
tetra= 4
hexa- = 6
hepta = 7
octa- = 8
nona- = 9
41
Learning Check: Naming

CaSO4 2H2OHydrates
calcium sulfate dihydrate
CoCl2 6H2O
cobalt(II) chloride hexahydrate
FeI3 3H2O
iron(III) iodide trihydrate
42
Your Turn!
What is the correct formula for copper(II)
sulfate pentahydrate?
A.CuSO4 6H2O
B.CuSO3 5H2O
C.CoSO4 4H2O
D.CoSO3 5H2O
E.CuSO4 5H2O
43
Molecular Compounds
Molecules
Electrically neutral particle
Consists of two or more atoms
Chemical bonds
Attractions that hold atoms together in
molecules
Arise from sharing electrons between 2 atoms
Group of atoms that make up molecule behave
as single particle
Molecular formulas
Describe composition of molecule
Specify # of each type of atom present
44
Molecules vs. Ionic

Molecules Compounds
Discrete unit
Water = 2 hydrogen atoms bonded to 1 oxygen
atom
Ionic Compounds
Ions packed as close as possible to each other
Sodium chloride =
Each cation has 6
anions; each anion
has 6 cations
No one ion belongs
to another
45
Molecular Compounds
Formed when nonmetals combine
C + O2
2H2 + O2
CO2
2H2O
Millions of compounds can form from a few

non-metals
Organic chemistry & Biochemistry
Deal with chemistry of carbon + H, N & O
A few compounds have only 2 atoms

Diatomics:
H2, O2, Cl2, HF, NO
Most molecules are far more complex

Sucrose (C12H22O11)
urea (CON2H4)
46
Hydrogen-containing
Nonmetal hydrides
Compounds
Molecule containing nonmetal + hydrogen
Number of hydrogens that combine with
nonmetal = number of spaces from nonmetal
to noble gas in periodic table
N O F
N
e
47
3-D Shapes of Molecules

Space filling models
Used to give shapes of simple nonmetal
hydrides
Blue = nitrogen
Red = water
Yellow = fluorine
White = hydrogen
48
Organic Compounds
Carbon compounds
Carbon + hydrogen, oxygen, & nitrogen
Originally thought these compounds only

came from living organisms
Now more general
Hydrocarbons
Simplest organic compounds
Contain only C & H
Always have ratio of atoms CnH2n+2
Named using prefix designating number of C
atoms
All have ane suffix
49
Table
Hydrocarbons Belonging to
the Alkane Series
3.8
50
Alkanes
Boiling point increases as number of
carbon atoms increases
Space filling models of alkanes
Black = carbon
White = hydrogen
51
Your Turn!
Which is the correct name for C4H10?
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
methane
ethane
propane
pentane
butane
Other Hydrocarbons
Alkenes
Hydrocarbons with two less Hs than alkanes
CnH2n
Name = number prefix + ene
Ex.
C2H4 = ethene (ethylene)
Alkynes
Hydrocarbons with four fewer Hs than alkanes
CnH2n 2
Name = number prefix + ene

Ex. C2H2 = ethyne (acetylene)
53
Other Organic Compounds

Hydrocarbons are basic building
blocks of organic chemistry
Many other classes of
compounds derived from
them
Alcohols
Replace H in alkane with -OH group
Name = number prefix + anol
Ex. CH3OH = methanol (methyl alcohol)
C2H5OH = ethanol (ethyl alcohol)
54
Your Turn!
What is the name of C4H9OH?
A. hexanol
B. propanol
C. pentanol
D. tetranol
E. butanol
Writing Formulas for Organic

Compounds
Molecular formula
Indicates # of each type of atom in molecule
Ex. C2H6 for ethane or C3H8 for propane
Order of atoms
Carbon | Hydrogen | Other atoms
alphabetically
Ex. sucrose is C12H22O11
Emphasize alcohol write OH group last

C2H5OH
Structural formula
Indicate how carbon atoms are connected
Ethane = CH3CH3
Propane
= CH3CH2Chemistry:
CH3 The Molecular Nature of
56
Your Turn!
Octane is a hydrocarbon with 8 C atoms
that is the major component of gasoline.
What is the correct molecular formula for
octane?
A.C8H14
B.C8H16
C.C8H18
D.C8H17OH
E.C8H15OH
57
Your Turn!
What is the correct structural formula for
octane?
a)CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH3
b)CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH3
c)C8H18
d)CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH3
e)CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2OH
58
Nomenclature of Molecular
Goal is a nameCompounds
that translates clearly into
molecular formula
Naming Binary Molecular Compounds

Which 2 elements present?
How many of each?
Format:
First element in formula
Use English name
Second element
Use stem & append suffix ide
Use Greek number prefixes to specify how
many atoms of each element
59
1.
2.
3.
Naming Binary Molecular

hydrogen chloride
Compounds
1 H 1 Cl
HCl
phosphorous pentachloride
1 P 5Cl
PCl5
triselenium dinitride
3 Se 2N
Se3N2
Mono always omitted on 1st element
Often omitted on 2nd element unless more
than one combination of same 2 elements
Ex. Carbon monoxide
Carbon dioxide CO2
CO
When prefix ends in vowel similar to start of

element name, drop prefix vowel
60
Learning Check: Name Each

Format:
Number prefix + 1st element name
Number prefix + stem + ide for 2nd
element
arsenic trifluoride
AsF3
HBr
N 2O 4
N 2O 5
CO=
CO2
=
=
=
hydrogen bromide
dinitrogen tetroxide
dinitrogen pentoxide
carbon monoxide
carbon dioxide
61
Your Turn!
Which is the correct formula for nitrogen
triiodide?
A.N3I
B.NI3
C.NIO3
D.N(IO3)3
E.none of the above
Your Turn!
Which is the correct name for P4O10?
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
phosphorus oxide
phosphorous decoxide
tetraphosphorus decoxide
tetraphosphorus oxide
decoxygen tetraphosphide
Exceptions to Naming Binary

Molecules
Binary compounds
of nonmetals +
hydrogen
No prefixes to be used
Get number of hydrogens for each nonmetal from
periodic table
Hydrogen sulfide = H2S
Hydrogen telluride = H2Te
Molecules with Common Names

Some molecules have names that predate IUPAC
systematic names
Water
H2O
Ammonia
NH3
Sucrose
Phosphine
C12H22O11
PH3
64
Summary of Naming
65

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Chemistry Slides About Elements, Compounds and The Periodic Table

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Chapter 3:

Modern Periodic Table

with group labels and chemical families identified

Note: Placement of elements 58 71 and 90 103 saves space

Chemistry: The Molecular Nature of

Chemistry: The Molecular Nature of

Chemistry: The Molecular Nature of

Form 1 ions with alkali metalssalts

Chemistry: The Molecular Nature of

Chemistry: The Molecular Nature of

Note: Last 3 columns all have 8B designation

Chemistry: The Molecular Nature of

Inner Transition Elements

Chemistry: The Molecular Nature of

Organized by regions of periodic table

Chemistry: The Molecular Nature of

Chemistry: The Molecular Nature of

Chemistry: The Molecular Nature of

Exist mostly as compounds rather than as

He, Ne, Ar, Kr, Xe, Rn

Some are Solids: I2, Se8, S8, P4, C

One is liquid: Br2

Chemistry: The Molecular Nature of

React with metals to form ionic

Chemistry: The Molecular Nature of

Chemistry: The Molecular Nature of

Chemistry: The Molecular Nature of

Ions & Ionic Compounds

Chemistry: The Molecular Nature of

Chemistry: The Molecular Nature of

Chemistry: The Molecular Nature of

Experimental Evidence for

Electrical conductivity requires charge movement

Chemistry: The Molecular Nature of

When we use North American numbering of

Chemistry: The Molecular Nature of

What is expected charge on N?

Chemistry: The Molecular Nature of

Rules For Writing Ionic

Divide by 2 if all subscripts are even

May have to repeat several times

4. Charges on ions not included in finished

If no subscript, then 1 implied

Chemistry: The Molecular Nature of

Determining Ionic Formulas

Chemistry: The Molecular Nature of

Determining Ionic Formulas

Ex. What is the formula of ionic

Chemistry: The Molecular Nature of

Chemistry: The Molecular Nature of

Chemistry: The Molecular Nature of

Cations of Transition Metals

Chemistry: The Molecular Nature of

Ex. Ionic compounds of tin & oxygen are

Chemistry: The Molecular Nature of

Ions of Some Transition Metals &

Chemistry: The Molecular Nature of

Compounds with Polyatomic Ions

Formulas for ionic compounds containing

Chemistry: The Molecular Nature of

Table 3.4 Polyatomic Ions

Chemistry: The Molecular Nature of