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What is hepatitis B?
A Viral hepatitis caused by the hepatitis B
virus(HBV).
It attacks the liver and can cause both acute
and chronic disease.
Can lead to severe illness, cirrhosis,
hepatocellular carcinoma and even death.
The virus is transmitted through contact with
the blood or other body fluids of an infected
person.
Etiology
Hepatitis B virus, abbreviated HBV, is a
species of the genus Orthohepadnavirus,
which is likewise a part of
the Hepadnaviridae family of viruses.This
virus causes the disease hepatitis B.
Who is at risk?
Have unprotected sex with multiple sex partners or
with someone who's infected with HBV.
Share needles during intravenous (IV) drug use.
Are a man who has sex with other men.
Live with someone who has a chronic HBV
infection.
Are an infant born to an infected mother.
Have a job that exposes you to human blood
Travel to regions with high infection rates of HBV,
such as Africa, Central and Southeast Asia, and
Eastern Europe
Abdominal pain.
Cola - colored urine.
Fever.
Joint pain.
Loss of appetite.
Nausea and vomiting.
Weakness and fatigue.
Yellowing of your skin and the whites of your eyes
(jaundice)
Clay-colored stool
Nursing Management
Planning with the family to help reduce their fears
and anxieties about the spread of disease.
Adequate nutrition and hydration should be
maintained.
Bed rest may be recommended regardless of other
treatment, until the symptoms of hepatitis subside.
Provide information about disease process,
prognosis and treatment needs.
Vaccination
Hepatitis B in pregnancy
Pregnant women who are infected with hepatitis B
can transmit the virus to their newborns during
pregnancy or delivery.
Almost 90% of these babies will become chronically
infected with hepatitis B at birth if there is.
If a pregnant woman tests positive for hepatitis B,
then she should be referred to a liver specialist for
further evaluation. Although most women do not
have any pregnancy complications as a result of
HBV infection, it is still a good idea to be seen by a
specialist.
PELVIC
INFLAMMATORY
DISEASE (PID)
Etiology/Pathophysiology
Cervicitis
Endometritis
Salpingitis
Oophoritis
Tubo-ovarian
abscess
Peritonitis
Acute PID
Typically occurs after onset of menses
Symptoms include:
- Progressive lower abdominal pain with guarding and
rebounding tenderness
- Fever
- Copious purulent cervical discharge
- Nausea and vomiting
- Malaise
- Urinary urgency and frequency
Vaginal itching
maceration
Chronic PID
Is manifested by:
Chronic pain
Menstrual irregularities
Recurrence
Exacerbation of acute symptoms
Assessing Damage
If your doctor determines that you have pelvic inflammatory
disease, they may run more tests and check your pelvic
area for damage. PID can cause scarring on your
fallopian tubes and permanent damage to your
reproductive organs. Additional tests include:
pelvic ultrasound: imaging test that uses sound waves to
create pictures of your internal organs
endometrial biopsy: outpatient procedure where a doctor
removes and examines a small sample from the lining of
your uterus
laparoscopy: outpatient procedure where a doctor inserts
a flexible instrument through an incision in your
abdomen and takes pictures of your pelvic organs
Medical Management
Treatment for pelvic inflammatory disease may
include:
- Antibiotics- main treatment for PID
- Laparoscopy- drain antibiotic-resistant abscesses
- Salpingolysis- remove adhesions
- Salpingostomy reopen blocked fallopian tubes
- Salpingo-oophorectomy- for ruptured fallopian
tubes or ectopic pregnancy.
- Hysterectomy- prevent fatal septicaemia
Nursing Management
Rest
Medicine to relieve pain or dicomfort
IUDs require removal during treatment
Instruction on proper use of antibiotics.
Education on sexual abstinence and
avoidance of tampons and douching
during treatment