Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Micro-range Theories
Florence Nightingale
May 12, 1820- August 13,1910
Florence
Nightingale
(seated) with her
sister.
Florence Nightingale
Central Theme: Environmental
conservation
Person: The one whose well-being the
nurse looks after.
Environment: Stressed the
importance of clean air and water and
decent housing
Health: Believed in a systematic
approach to health care with focus on
prevention.
Florence Nightingale
Nursing: Nursing is about environmental
manipulation, nutrition, and conservation
of the patients energy.
Nursing is not limited to or defined by
medical acts.
Hygiene
Comfort
Activity
Rest
Safety
Oxygen
Nutrition
Elimination
Hydration
Physical and
emotional health
promotion
Interpersonal
relationships
Development of
self-awareness
Patricia Benner
Patricia Benner
Central theme: How nurses learn to do
nursing
Patricia Benner
Person: A person is a self-interpreting
being. They do not come into the world
predefined but gets defined in the course of
living a life.
Environment: Benner used the term
situation rather than environment. Situation
conveys a social environment with social
definition and meaningfulness.
Patricia Benner
Health: Health is based on the lived
experience of being healthy or ill.
Nursing: Nursing is a caring relationship,
an enabling condition of connection and
concern
Virginia Henderson
November 30, 1897 - March 19, 1996
Central theme: Nature of nursing
Person: The person has physiological,
spiritual, sociological, and
psychological components.
Environment: Basic nursing care
involves providing conditions under
which persons can perform their
activities unaided.
Virginia Henderson
Health: An individual's
ability
to function
independently.
Nursing: I say that the nurse does for
others what they would do for themselves if
they had the strength, the will, and the
knowledge. But I go on to say that the
nurse makes the patient independent of
him or her as soon as possible."
Jean Watson
1940 -
Jean Watson..
Central theme:
Human science
and care
Jean Watson
Person: One who is in need of the caring
process to attain or maintain health or die
a peaceful death. The person has
personal, internal, mental, and spiritual
mechanisms to allow the self to be healed.
Environment: Social environment, caring,
and the culture of caring which affects
health.
Jean Watson
Health: It refers to the
unity and harmony
within the mind, body,
and soul. It is the
degree of congruence
between the self as
perceived and the self
as experienced.
Jean Watson
Nursing: Nursing is an art and science of
human to human care process with a
spiritual dimension.
It comprises
knowledge,
thought, values,
philosophy,
commitment, and
action.
Neuman
Weidenbach
Nightingale
Peplau
Hall
Benner
Orlando
Henderson
Travelbee
Johnson
Nursing
theorists
King
Leininger
Rogers
Orem
Levine
Roy
Abdellah
Watson
Moving towards
QUALITY
SAFE
NURSING
CARE
You and I?