Theoretical Works:

Middle-range Theories

Madeleine Leininger
July 13, 1925 -

Madeleine Leininger
Central theme:
Transcultural
care

Madeleine Leininger
Person: Caring beings capable of being
concerned about, holding interest in, or
having personal regard for other peoples
needs, well-being, and survival.

Madeleine Leininger
Environment: It is the culture of each
individual, group or society.
Health: It is the state of well-being that is
mainly known and expressed in cultural
meanings and ways.

Madeleine Leininger: On
Nursing
A learned humanistic art and science that
focuses on personalized care behaviors
and processes that are directed toward
promoting and maintaining health
behaviors or recovery from illness.
These behaviors and processes have
physical, psychocultural, and social
significance or meaning.

Ida Jean Orlando-Pelletier

August 12, 1926 -

Ida Jean Orlando- Pelletier

Central theme: Nursing process

Ida Jean Orlando- Pelletier

Person: A unique individual behaving
verbally and non-verbally.
Environment: Not fully defined

Ida Jean Orlando- Pelletier

Health: She did
not define health
but assumed that
freedom from
mental or physical
discomfort and
feelings of
adequacy and
well-being
contribute to
health.

Ida Jean Orlando- Pelletier

Nursing: Professional nursing is
conceptualized as finding out and meeting
the clients immediate need for help.

Hildegard Peplau
September 1, 1909 March 17, 1999

Hildegard Peplau
Central theme: Described the
dynamic relationship between the
nurse and the patient.
Person: Man is an organism that lives
in an unstable equilibrium,
psychological, physiological, and
social fluidity.

Hildegard Peplau
Environment: Fluid context of the
nurse- client relationship.
Health: Life is the process of striving
in the direction of stable equilibrium,
i.e., a fixed pattern that is never
reached except in death. It is the
forward movement of the personality.

Hildegard Peplau
Nursing: Nursing is the
therapeutic interpersonal
process carried out through the
relationship between the person and
the nurse.
Identified six nursing roles:
counseling role, leadership role,
surrogate role, stranger role,
resource person, and teaching role.
Views nursing as educative and
therapeutic.

Joyce Travelbee
1926-1973

Joyce Travelbee
Central theme: A sick person finding
meaning in illness and suffering and
human to human relationship
Person: A unique irreplaceable
individual who is in a continuous
process of becoming, evolving, and
changing.

Joyce Travelbee
Environment: not defined
Health: Health includes the
individuals perception of health and
the absence of disease.

Joyce Travelbee: On Nursing

The critical work of psychiatric
nursing is to help people develop a
sense of self through a healing
interpersonal relationship.
The instrument for the delivery of
interpersonal nursing is the
therapeutic use of self.

Joyce Travelbee: On Nursing

Therapeutic use of self is the ability to
use one's personality consciously and
in full awareness in an attempt to
establish relatedness and to structure
nursing interventions.

Joyce Travelbee: On Nursing

Therapeutic use of
self refers to the
nurse's presence, "a
physical `being
there, and
psychological `being
with' a patient for
the purpose of
meeting the
patient's health care
needs"

Peplau

Middle-range
Nursing Theorists
Orlando

Travelbee

Pender

Leininger

Moving towards

QUALITY
SAFE
NURSING
CARE