DEUTEROSTOMES

deuterostome means "mouth second which

means that the oral end of the animal
develops from a second opening on the dorsal
surface of the animal; the blastopore becomes
the anus.

Four extant phyla of deuterostomes:

PhylumChordata (vertebratesand their kin)
PhylumEchinodermata(sea stars,sea
urchins,sea cucumbers, etc.)
PhylumHemichordata (acorn wormsand
possiblygraptolites)
PhylumXenacoelomorpha(2 species of wormlike animals)

PhylumEchinodermata
Echinoderm means spiny skin - have hard
endoskeleton, often with spines below thin skin
Are ancient group of marine animals that was dated
back nearly 600 MYA
adults are recognizable by five-point radial symmetry
(pentamerism)and having bilateral symmetry at the
larval stage
Adult echinoderms posses awater vascular
systemwith externaltube feet
mesodermal skeleton
composed of calcareous
platesorossiclesconnected
by a mesh ofcollagen
fibres.

many species capable of extensive

regeneration may shed body parts when
attacked - some reproduce asexually by
splitting into parts Sexual reproduction
and fertilization is external sexes are
separate, have free-swimming bilaterally
symmetric larva
Sexes are separate Fertilization is
external Gonads (ovaries and testes)
found in arms

Classes of Echinoderm

Crinoidea-sea lilies

Ophiuroidea brittle stars

Asteroidea - sea
stars

Holothuroidea - sea
cucumbers

Echinoidea - sea urchins and sand

dollars

Concentricycloidea - sea
daisies

Phylium Chordata

animalspossessing anotochord that

supports the body, nervous system
develops from dorsal nerve cord,
Embryos have pharyngeal slits,
anendostyle, and a post-analtailfor at
least some period of their life cycles.

Phylum

SubPhylu
m

Urochordat
a or
Tunicates

Chordata

SuperClas
s/Infraphyl
ium

Agnatha
(jaws absent)

Cephalochord
ata or
Lancelets

Clas
s
Cyclostomata
(lamprey)
Myxini
(hagfish)
Osteichthyes
Osteichthyes
(bony fishes)
(bony fishes)

Vertebrata
or
vertebrates

Chondrichthyes
Chondrichthyes
(cartilaginous
(cartilaginous
fishes)
fishes)

Xenoturbell
a
Gnathostomat
a
(jaws present)

Amphibia
Amphibia
Reptilia
Reptilia
Aves
Aves
Mammali
Mammali
aa

SubPhylium: Urochordata
Class: Tunicates; Ex: Sea Squirts
1. barrel-shaped, sessile, filter-feeders
2. many secrete and live in a tough cellulose sac (tunic) as
adults
3. only have pharyngeal gill slits as adults, other chordate
characters only present in tadpole-like larvae
4. incurrent and excurrent siphons
5. no brain in adults

Subphylum: Cephalochordata

Class: Lancelet

Scaleless, fish-like marine organisms; resembles a two-edged surgical

knife (lancelet)
No obvious head, eyes, nose or ears; Notochord runs entire length of body
and persists in adults

Bury in substrate, expose anterior end only

Segmentation of muscles readily visible

Have many more pharyngeal gill slits than fishes

Filter-feed through the action of cilia in mouth and trap food in pharynx

Swim with fish-like undulations of the body

Subphylum: Vertebrata

Have backbone of cartilage or bone. Brain is encased in

protective skull(cranium)
Name derived from bony vertebral segments in spinal
column
Vertebral column - protects dorsal nerve cord notochord
surrounded and replaced by vertebral column
Group also called craniate chordates
Most have a bony skeleton, some use only cartilage
highly developed internal organs: unique kidney and
excretory system, endocrine glands (make many
hormones) specialized heart; closed circulatory system
All vertebrates also have a unique set of cells that
originate above the neural tube during development neural crest cells

Vertebrate Evolution

First vertebrates were marine, lacking jaws or paired fins

(550mya)
Jawed fishes then became dominant creatures in the sea
(450 mya)
Amphibian ancestors first to invade the land (400 mya)
Largely replaced by reptiles more suited to live on land
(300 mya)
Dinosaurs and other reptiles ruled the earth for 150
million years
their extinction (65 mya) allowed mammals to become
dominant

Eight Classes of Vertebrate:

Aquatic Fishes
Class Myxini - Hagfish
Class Cephalaspidomorphi Lampreys
Class Chondrichthyes - cartilaginous
fishes
Class Osteichthyes - Bony fishes
Terrestrial Tetrapods
Class Amphibia amphibians
Class Reptilia - Reptiles
Class Aves - Birds
Class Mammalia Mammals

Characteristics of Fishes:

aquatic vertebrates that lack pentadactyl (5-fingered) limbs

over half of all vertebrates; evolutionarily, the first vertebrates
Gills - extract dissolved oxygen from water around them water
passes over filaments rich in blood vessels blood moves opposite
the flow of water - an efficient system
Vertebral column-Internal skeleton with spine surrounding
dorsal nerve cord, skeleton may be made of cartilage or bone &
brain fully encased in protective skull
single-loop blood circulation: heartgills rest of body
heart
Oxygenated blood from gills passes to rest of body
Heart is series of four chambers that contract in sequence
Nutritional deficiencies-All vertebrates are unable to
synthesize aromatic amino acid & must consume these amino
acids in their diet

Fish Evolution
First fishes known were jawless with heavy
bony armor
Internal skeleton was made of cartilage
Survived by Agnathans
First jawed fishes
occurred 410 mya
Early jawed fishes
were replaced by
more agile sharks &
bony fishes

Jaws evolved from modified/anterior gill arches

the bony area between gill slits. First gill arch
behind jaw became supporting strut , joined rear
of lower jaw to rear of skull
Evolved as a means to close mouth, and then to
capture prey
Allowed mouth to open very wide, an efficient
weapon

SuperClass: Agnatha

Class: Myxini & Cephalaspidomorphi

jawless fishes

Class Myxini(hagfishes)
have askullbut novertebral column
Cannot regulate body salts
scavengers in
cool waters
especially in
deep water
can exude copious
quantities of a milky
and fibrous slime or
mucus to escape from
captors

Class Cephalaspidomorphi
apparently derived from one
group of ostracoderms that lost
plates

vertebrae only shards of

cartilage
in tail (but are generally
considered
true vertebrates)

Parasitic Lampreys attack and

latch onto other fish. Using their
rows of teeth and tongue they
grind into the host and
draw out blood and
other fluids

Placodermi(100 Myr)

Placodermi(100 Myr)

1st jawed fish

headandthoraxwere covered by articulated armored plates and
the rest of the body wasscaledor naked
Dominant marine predators
placoderm claspers' similarities with similar structures
incartilaginous fishes has been revealed to be an example
ofconvergent evolution

Class Chondrichthyes

(cartilaginous fishes)

Order: Pleurotremata(sharks) &

Hypotremata(rays, sawfish)

may have evolved from a placoderm (or form a clade with

placoderms)

have lost bone and have calcified cartilage instead;

jaw improved over that of placoderms, opens wider

shark teeth developed from rough scales; as part

of skin, are continually replaced

built better for swimming than

placoderms: more streamlined
body, better fins

sharks became dominant predators

after the Devonian, have remained
as such through today

Class Osteichthyes
(bony fishes)
Complex circulatory system countercurrent circulation maximizes
removal of O2 from water

Swim bladder Regulates buoyancy

Operculum or gill cover- allows greater

diversity in food capture and preparation
increases breathing effectiveness
(throat muscles aid in breathing)
can breath without swimming,
unlike sharks

Lateral line system-Series of small

sensory organs that project into a canal
beneath

skin surface - sensitive to water

pressure changes allows fish to sense
movements in water

Similar structures found in all vertebrate ears - for hearing

Modern bony fishes have highly mobile fins,

thin scales and symmetrical tails making
them dominant in fresh water and sea.
Two lineages of bony fishes:

Ray-finned fishes - most modern fish

Internal skeleton of bony rays

supports and stiffens each fin

No muscles within fins

Swim bladder used for buoyancy

Lobe-finned fishes
6 living species & 5 lungfishes
, and the coelacanth

have fins with muscular lobes

swim bladder used for respiration
early form gave rise to amphibians

Class Amphibia

Amphibians were the first tetrapods

the first terrestrial vertebrates
There are three orders of Amphibians
Order Anura - frogs and toads
Order Urodela - salamanders
Order Apoda - caecilians

Characteristics of Amphibians

Legs - a key adaptation for terrestrial living

Lungs - a modified swim bladder used for terrestrial respiration
swallow air by moving floor of mouth
Skin serves as respiratory organ

Eggs are soft-shelled it dehydrates if its not in water

Pulmonary veins-Veins return blood from lungs to heart
aerated blood leaves heart at greater pressure than it
leaves lungs
Partially divided heart-partially separated pulmonary and
systemic pathways imperfect since there is a single
ventricle where oxygenated and deoxygenated blood can
mix

Evolution of Amphibians
Evolved from Lobe-finned
fishes used their fins to travel
over land from pool to pool
skeletal structure of lobe-finned
fishes and early amphibians
is very similar

Ichthyostega - early amphibious

tetrapod

Lungs became more effective

Chambers of the heart became

Partially separated, making

circulation more efficient

Class Reptalia

Reptiles arose from amphibians

Adaptations to life on land:

Amniotic egg - Water-tight eggs contain food source (yolk) and
four membranes: Chorion, amnion, yolk sac and allantois
Each important an
embryonic life-support
system
Chorion allows oxygen to
enter, but retains water
Amnion encases
developing embryo within
fluid-filled cavity
Yolk sac holds food for
embryo - extracted by
blood vessels
Allantois encloses waste
product

 Dry skin with scales or armor reduces water loss.

Scales develop as surface cells fill with protein keratin.
Keratin is also used for mammal hair and bird feathers
Thoracic breathing - increase volume of air inspired
expand and contract rib cage to suck air in and force it out
capacity limited only by volume of lungs
Leg design allows better body support and greater mobility
allows larger body size
Internal fertilization - a requirement with a shelled egg
Improved circulatory system - Circulatory system
provides more oxygen to body
All living reptiles are ectothermic, obtain heat from
external sources - regulate body temperature through
behaviors basking or seeking shade

Evolution of Reptiles

Reptiles were the dominant land animals for 250

mya
Pelycosaurs
Four
major lineages
evolved
in series:
Therapsids
improved
predators
synapsid skull with
temporal openings
allowed better
muscle
attachment and
more powerful
bite. Replaced by
Therapsids

Mammal-like reptiles,
speculated that these were the
first endothermic
(warmblooded) vertebrates likely evolved in cooler climate
dominant terrestrial vertebrates
for 20 million years
Therapsids were the ancestors
of mammals
Replaced by Thecodont reptiles

Thecodonts

greater energy efficiency.Were cold-blooded ectotherms like

amphibians and early reptiles. Environmental change resulted in
warmer temperature
Had an improved skull - diapsid First land vertebrates to walk on hind limbs only
Replaced by their direct descendants, Dinosaurs

Dinosaurs
greater agility
Legs positioned directly underneath body - allowed larger body
Enabled running with speed and agility
Dominated land for 150 million years
Went extinct 65 million years ago - likely due to asteroid impact

Four Modern Reptiles

Order Chelonia turtles,
tortoise
1. Armorlike shell
2. The most primitive, little
change over past 200 million
years
3. no holes in skull for
passage of jaw muscles
(anapsid skull)
4. Horny plates instead of
teeth
5. Lay eggs on land

Order Rhynchocephalia Tuataras

found only on islands of New

Zealand

Has spiny crest running down

back

Has inconspicuous parietal or

third eye on top of head
has lens, retina and is
connected to brain

May function as a thermostat

Order Squamata - lizards, snakes

1. Snakes lack movable eyelids and external ears cant hear
. 2. skull highly movable- most modern reptiles are
in this group
. 3. Most lizards are insectivores with small peglike
teeth
. 4. All snakes are carnivores with highly movable
Order Crocodylia crocodiles, alligators,
jaws
Descended from same line that produced
dinosaurs
true 4-chambered heart
little change over 200 million years
Crocodiles and birds more closely related to
dinosaurs and each
other than they are related to lizards and
snakes

Class Aves
(Birds)
Most successful of all terrestrial vertebrates, great diversity,
8800 species
1. feathers derived scales, made of keratin, develop from follicles, Has
shaft, with barbs, with barbules, with interlocking hooks
2. flight skeleton
bones tend to be hollow (trait shared with some dinosaurs)
backbone fused increase stability
fused collarbones (wishbone)
keeled sternum increase area for muscle attachment
3. have 4-chambered heart with pulmonary veins (2-loop system)
required to be endothermic or warm-blooded = increased metabolism
for flight
4. superefficient respiration have air sacs that assure that oxygenated
air is always going over the lungs
5. lay amniotic eggs (like reptiles)

Evolution of Birds

derived from Archaeopteryx, a wonderful

transitional fossil with many dinosaur and
many bird traits (~150 MYA)

Class Mammalia

Arose from Therapsids in Triassic, 220 mya

The least diverse group of vertebrates -4100 species
Characteristics:
Hair or fur on some part of body
Mammary glands produce milk
Nourishment for young
Teeth of different shapes(heterodont teeth)
- Highly developed brain
- most have a placenta
-Endothermy-Allows activity in cooler weather
-Efficient circulation- provided by four chambered heart
-Improved respiration-Diaphragm breathing muscle
allows greater volume of air to be inspired

Evolution of Mammals
Two groups - Prototheria and Theria
Prototheria - egg-laying mammals close
relatives of therapsids. Small, resembled
modern shrews
Theria - live-bearing mammals.
Subdivided into marsupials (pouched
mammals) and placental mammals

Three Mammalian
Lineages
Order
Monotremata
(monotremes)
examples: duck-billed
platypus and spiny
echidna
- lay eggs
- more primitive
skeleton

Order Marsupialia (marsupials)

Ex: Kangaroos, koala, opossum

Marsupial fertilized egg is amniotic but lacks shell

-Marsupial egg has much yolk to nourish embryo
-Embryonic marsupial is born early in development.
Crawls to marsupial pouch, attaches to nipple,
continues to develop for months

Order Eutherians /
Placentals

-Most diverse mammalian group

-Young develop in mothers uterus
-Placenta composed of maternal
and fetal tissues; nourishes
fetus, delivers oxygen, and
removes wastes
-Placental mammals develop more
quickly than marsupials

Earliest Primates
1. Primates evolved more than 60 million
years ago during the Paleocene
2. First primates resemble tree shrews
Long snouts
Poor daytime vision

From Primates to Humans

Uniquely human traits evolved through

modification of traits that evolved earlier,
in ancestral forms

Lineage Leading to Humans

Less reliance on smell, more on vision

Skeletal changes to allow bipedalism
Modifications of hand to allow refined
hand movements
Bow-shaped jaw and smaller teeth
Longer lifespan and longer period of
dependency

Darwins Theory of
Evolution

Charles Darwins book the Origin of Species states that:

There is a possibility of linking humans with earlier apes
by descent
Darwin's book introduced the scientific theory that
populations evolve over the course of generations through
a process of natural selection. It presented a body of
evidence that the diversity of life arose by common
descent through a branching pattern of evolution.

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