1

(sampling theorem)
(aliasing)
(signal reconstruction)

(sampling) (uniform sampling)

(sampling theorem)

(sampling theorem)
(aliasing)
(signal reconstruction)

 (Sampling)
(continuous-time) (discrete-time)

(sample value)
x(t0 )
(t )
x

t t0

(uniform sampling)
)
T x (t
x[n]

x[n] x(t ) t nT x(nT )



VLSI

 (Sampling Theorem)

:

 (Sampling Theorem) ( )
:
Continuous-Time Signal

0.5
0
-0.5
-1

5
6
7
8
Time
Sampled Version of the Continuous-Time Signal

Sample Value

-0.5
1

4
5
6
Sample Index

10

0.05

0
-0.5
0

0.5

-1

10

0.5

-1

Continuous-Time Signal

1
Signal Value

Signal Value

Sample Value

x(t ) cos(2t )

5
6
7
8
Time
Sampled Version of the Continuous-Time Signal

4
5
6
Sample Index

10

10

1.5
1
0.5
0

 (Sampling Theorem) ( )
x[n
]

]
x[n

]
x(t )
x[n

x(t )

x (t )

(sampling theorem)
(impulse train sampling)



[ ] p(t)

(aliasing)
(signal reconstruction)


(band-limited) x(t ) M(
X) (
j ) 0, M
x(nT )
S M 2
x(t )
- T : ( )
1
f

- s T : ( Hz)
- s : ( rad/sec)
s 2f s

2
T

10

 (Impulse Train Sampling)

x(t )

(sampling
function)

(t )
x p

x p (t ) x(t ) p (t )

11


)
p (t
(sampling function)

p (t )

(t nT )

x(t ) (t t 0 ) x(t 0 ) (t t 0 )

x p (t )

x p (t ) x(t ) p (t )

x(nT ) (t nT )

x p (t )
:

1
x p (t ) x(t ) p(t ) X p ( j )
X (j ) P( j )

2
F .T .

2
P ( j ) F [ p(t )]
( ns )

T n

12

 ( )
p (t ) P( j ) :
F.T.

1
X p ( j )
T

Scaling

X ( j( n s ))

X ( j )n s

X p ( j ) :

13


M (s M ) s 2M

)
x(t

( )

X r ( j ) X p ( j ) H ( j )

14

 ( )
( s M ) M s 2 M

(Aliasing Effect)

2 M (Nyquist rate)
( s )
,

15


44.1 kHz
20 Hz 20 kHz
44.1 kHz

300 Hz 4 kHz
8 kHz

16

[ ] p(t)
p (t )

(t nT )

p (t )
2

jk t
1 T2
ak T p (t ) e T dt
T 2

T
p (t )

jk

jk

2
t
T

2
t
T

17

[ ] p(t) ( )
p (t ) P ()
2
t
T

2
e
2 ( k )
T

jk

F .T .

P () F [ p (t )]

1
F [e
T k

jk

2
t
T

2
2

( k )

T k
T

18

(sampling theorem)
(aliasing)

(signal reconstruction)

19

s rad/sec
x(t)

cos(0t )

xr (t ) cos(0t ) x (t )

s
;
6

2 s
; xr (t ) cos(0t ) x(t )
6

4s

; xr (t ) cos((s 0 )t ) x (t )
0
6
0

5s
; xr (t ) cos((s 0 )t ) x (t )
6

20


x1 (t )

x1 (t ) cos(2t )

x2 (t )

( f1 1 Hz)

x2 (t ) cos(12t )

( f 2 6 Hz)
f s
x1 (n) x2 (n)
5 Hz

t)
(1) x1 (

x2 (t )

x2 ( n )
x
1 ( n)

(2) f 2 f
1 mf
s m

21

(sampling theorem)
(aliasing)
(signal reconstruction)
(interpolation)
: sinc

22

 (Interpolation)

x(t)

xr (t )

xr (t ) x p (t ) h(t )

[ x(nT ) (t nT )] h(t )
n

x(nT ) [(t nT) h(t)]

h(t ) F 1[ H ( j)]

x(nT ) h(t nT )

23

 ( )
h(t)

h(t)
x(t)

xr(t)

cT sin (c t) , :
c
c t

x(nT)

cT sin [c(t nT)]

c(t nT)
sinc

x(t)

)
xr (t

24

(sampling theorem)
(aliasing)
(signal reconstruction)

: - (Zero-Order Hold)

: - (Natural Sampling)
I
II

25

 - (Zero-Order Hold)
)
xo (t

xo (t ) x p (t ) ho (t )

x
(
nT
)

(
t

nT
)

ho (t )
n

x( nT ) ho (t nT )
n

xo (t )

26

 - (Zero-Order Hold)

xo (t )
X o ( j ) H o ( j ) X p ( j )

H o ( j ) F [ho (t )]
jT / 2 2 sin(T / 2)
e

27

( xr (t ) x(t ) )Hr ( j )
H o ( j ) H r ( j ) H ( j )
ho(t) hr(t)

H ( j )
H r ( j )
H o ( j )

28

 ( )

H ( j ) H o ( j )

H r ( j )

29

 - (Natural Sampling)
A Tp T k(t)

k (t )

x(t )

K ne

jn s t

2
(s )
T

k(t)

30

 - ( )
xk(t)

xk (t ) x(t )k (t )

jn s t
K
x
(
t
)
e
n

xk(t)

31

 - ( )
x (t
)
k

X k ( j )

K n X ( j ( ns ))

K
n

Tp A
nTp
Kn
sinc(
)
T
T

Tp A
nTp
X k ( j )
sinc(
) X ( j ( ns ))

T n
T

32

 - ( )

(s 2M )

33

 - ( )

(
)

(
)

34

>2w

=2w

35

 II
(time-limited) (bandlimited)

(anti-aliasing filter)
|f|>fs/2 ( fs/2)

36

X j

37

( )

f s
2
fs
fs
f
f
2
2

38

(sampling theorem)
(aliasing)
(signal reconstruction)

39

xd [n
x
]
d [n]
]
xd [n
(VLSI)
VLSI

xc (t )

xc (t )

C/D

xd [n]

xd [n] xc (nT )

yd [n]

yd [n] yc (nT )

D/C

yc (t )

yc (t )

40

 (CD)
xc (t )

yd [n]

xd [n]

yc (t )

xc (t

xd [n]
)
44.1 kHz
( Reed]
Solomon Codes) yd [n

CD

yd [n
] CD
yc (t ) ( )

41

42


c
1,000
)
x(t
(t )
x
x(t
)
3
4
T 0.5 103
10
a
? Tb 2 10
? T
c
?

43


W x (t )

x p (t )

x(nT ) p(t nT )

p (t )

x p (t )

44

x
(t )

1 k
x(t ) ( ) sin( kt )
k 0 2

x
(t )

(a)

x(t )

T=0.2

x(t )

(b)

x (t
)

T
T

g (t )

45


[OWN] A. V. Oppenheim, A. S. Willsky, and S. H. Nawab, Signals
and Systems, 2nd ed., Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1997. [Chapter 7]
[MSY] J. H. McClellan, R. W. Schafer, and M. A. Yoder, Signal
Processing First, Prentice-Hall, Inc., 2003. [Chapter 4]
[Haykin] S. Haykin, Communication Systems, 4th ed., John Wiley
& Sons, New York, 2001. [Chapter 3]
[Lathi] B. P. Lathi, Linear Systems and Signals, 2nd ed., Oxford
University Press, 2004. [Chapter 8]
[Sklar] B. Sklar, Digital Communications, 2nd ed., Prentice-Hall,
Inc., 2001. [Chapter 2]
2007 [
]

46