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Physical characteristics
1. Effective soil depth: The depth of the soil which can be exploited
by crops is very important in selecting soils
for agricultural purpose.
Experience has shown that many irrigated
crops produce excellent yields with a well
drained effective root depth of 90 cm.
USDA Textural
Triangle
Soil structure types and their effect on downward movement of water (Source:
USDA, 1997)
Single grain
Blocky
Plate-like
Rapid
Granular
Rapid
Moderate
Prismatic
Moderate
Slow
Massive
Slow
(cm3)
Equivalent Depth
(g)
(g)
(cm3)
15%
0.15 in.
0.20 in.
0.15 in.
15%
Gravimetric Method:
known volume of soil samples are taken from the field,
weighed, and then dried in an oven for 24hours at an
average temperature of 105 0C.
After dried, the samples will be taken out from the oven
and weighed again.
The difference in weight before and after drying is the
amount of moisture present in the soil.
Neutron Probe:
It consists of a probe lowered down a hole in
the soil
A box (rate meter or rate scalar) is at the top.
Within the probe is a radioactive source e.g.
beryllium (435 years life span).
Close to the source is a detector.
The source emits fast neutrons,
some of which are slowed down when they
collide with water molecules (due to
hydrogen molecules).
Tensiometer:
Tensiometer operates on the principle that a
partial vacuum is developed
in a closed chamber when water moves out
through the porous ceramic tip to the
surrounding.
A vacuum gauge or a water or mercury
manometer can measure the tension.
The gauge is usually calibrated in centi-bars
or milli-bars.
After the porous cup is put in the soil, the
tensiometer is filled with water.
Tensiometer cont
Water moves out from the porous tip to the
surrounding soil (as suction is more in the
soil).
A point is reached when the water in the
tensiometer is at equilibrium with the soil
water.
The reading of the gauge is then taken and
correlated to moisture content using a
calibration curve.
Practical operating range is about 0 to 0.75 bar of
tension (this can be a limitation on medium-and
fine-textured soils)
Gravitational water:
It is the water in the large pores that moves downward
freely under the influence of gravity
It drains out so fast that it is not available to the crops.
The time of draining out varies from one day in sandy soils
to three days in clay soils.
Capillary Water:
It is the amount of water retained by the soil after
gravitational water has drained out.
It is the water in the small pores which moves because of
capillary forces and is called capillary water.
Capillary water is the major source of water available for
the plant
Hygroscopic Water
Soil moisture further reduced by ET until no longer moves
because of capillary forces. The remaining water which is
held on particle surfaces so tightly is called hygroscopic
water.
the water is held by adhesive force. And therefore, it is
unavailable to the plant.
Available water
Water may also be classified as unavailable,
available and gravitational or superfluous.
Such a grouping refers to the availability of soil
water to plants.
Gravitational water drains quickly from the root zone
under normal drainage conditions.
Unavailable water is held too tightly by capillary
forces and is generally not accessible to plant roots.
Available water is the difference
gravitational and unavailable water.
between
N.B. v (PW)
b * m(WP)
TAW = FC PWP
Moisture content
(%)
Soil type
FC
PWP
Fine
sand
Sandy
loam
Silty
loam
Clayey
Loam
3 to 5 1 to 3
5 to
15
12 to
18
15 to
30
Availabl
Depth of
e
water per
water(%
unit depth
)
(cm/m
depth)
2
2 to 4
3 to 8
2 to 7
4 to 11
6 to 10
6 to 8
6 to 13
7 to 16 8 to 14
10 to 18
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