WOOD and

WOOD PRODUCTS

Ar. Rino D.A. Fernandez,

uap
Class Instructor

WOOD
a natural organic material that has
been used for many centuries for the
construction of buildings, bridges and
a variety of other structures

WOOD
Still

the most common materials for

small to medium-scale project in other
countries

WOOD

WOOD

WOOD

In the Phils, wood was widely used

during the Spanish period and until
1960s

WOOD

WOOD

My recent
project,

WOOD

WOOD

WOOD
Traditional

building material
Easy to work with
Durable
Beautiful
Lightweight
Rust and corrosion free
Has varied uses

CLASSIFICATION OF TREES

Endogenous
-

Trees grows
endwards
Example are
bamboo & palm

CLASSIFICATION OF TREES

Exogenous
-

Trees grows
outwards

CLASSIFICATION OF EXOGENOUS TREES

(based on broad botanical distinction)

Softwood
s

Generally needleleaved coniferous

trees that bear
their seed in
cones
Example are pine
& cedar

CLASSIFICATION OF EXOGENOUS TREES

(based on broad botanical distinction)

Hardwood
s

Generally broadleaved deciduous

trees
Example are oak,
narra, molave,
maple, etc

PROPERTIES OF SOFTWOOD:

Contract with heat & moisture

Have lower density than hardwoods
(good for acoustic & thermal
insulation
Good for interior finishes & for
furniture
Solid but soft
Flexible & strong
Not water resistant
Cost : low

PROPERTIES OF HARDWOOD:

Contract with heat & moisture

Stronger, denser, & homogenous than
hardwoods (good for framing system)
Good for interior finishes & for
furniture
Resist fire better than softwood
Nearly impervious to water (some
varieties)
Cost : high

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS

WOOD STRUCTURE
Bark
Bast
Sapwood
Heartwoo
d
Pith

WOOD STRUCTURE

WOOD STRUCTURE

WOOD & TIMBER

WOOD is the hard, fibrous material that
makes up the tree under the bark
TIMBER is a wood which retains its
natural physical structure and chemical
composition and is suitable for various
construction works

GOOD LUMBERING PRACTICE

Lumbering- term applied to the operations
performed in preparing wood for
commercial purposes
Logging
Felling
Storing
Sawing
Drying

FELLING
Timber

felled during summer is more

readily susceptible to mold. During this
period, the quantity of sap is at its greatest
& the state of swelling, acidity, etc. are very
much unfavorable

Coniferous trees is ideal to be felled during

full moon because the resins were well
drawn out of the roots & into the trunk

STORAGE
Timber

stored in water after felling reduces

the risks of molds & insect damage

SPLITTING/SAWING
Should

take place while the

trees is still very damp

DRYING
70-90%

of the original moisture must be

removed from the timber before this could
be used for construction..a reason why
routine drying is important

METHODS OF DRYING TIMBER

Natural

Air-drying

Artificial
Forced air drying used of fans to
booster the circulation of air
Kiln-drying drying in a large airtight
structure, heated by steam pipes
Radio Frequency Dielectric Drying
using radio frequency dielectric
heat

CHARACTERISTIC OF GOOD TIMBER

DEFECTS IN WOOD

DEFECTS IN WOOD
Caused

by Abnormal Growth

Heart shake-radial cracks originating at the

heart of the trees
Wind/Cup Shake- cracks/breaks across
annual rings of timber
Star Shake- series of heart shakes thus
forming a star-like manner
Knots- occur at the branch of the wood

DEFECTS IN WOOD
Due

to Deterioration

Dry Rot the presence of moisture

caused by fungi in seasoned wood
Wet Dry takes place sometimes in the
growth of the tree caused by water
saturation

CAUSES OF DECAY
Alternate

moisture & dryness

Fungi & molds

Insects & worms

Heat & confined air

GEOMETRICAL IMPERFECTIONS &

DISTORTIONS IN TIMBER

METHODS OF PRESERVATION

External application of preservative

coating
Internal lumber is subjected to pressure &
injected with chemical such as zinc
chloride solution/salt

APPLICATION: Philippine Timber

Flooring

Narra
Molave
Pine Benguet
Toog (Phil. Oak)

APPLICATION: Philippine Timber

Doors

& Windows

Narra
Tanguile
Apitong

APPLICATION: Philippine Timber

Outdoor

Deck

Yacal
Molave
Guijo

APPLICATION: Philippine Timber

Ceiling

Panel & Joists

Molave
Pine Benguet

APPLICATION: Philippine Timber

Railing

& Balustrade

Narra
Molave
Pine Benguet

APPLICATION: Philippine Timber

Exposed

Structural Member

Molave
Pine Benguet
Yacal
Lauan

APPLICATION: Philippine Timber

Paneling

Narra
Pine Benguet
Almaciga
Dao

APPLICATION: Philippine Timber

Furniture

& Cabinets

Narra
Molave
Pine Benguet
Almaciga
Kamagong

APPLICATION: Philippine Timber

Structural Members
& Framing

Molave
Yacal
Guijo
Pine Benguet

Examples of PHILIPPINE TIMBER

First
Group
Narra
most expensive, for floors, doors,
furniture, panelings, veneers
Molave for posts & girders, trusses,
framings,
floors, jambs, furniture, &
other purpose
esp. those exposed to
weather
Yacal & Guijo for posts & girders, jambs,
wooden
decks & railings exposed to
weather

Examples of PHILIPPINE TIMBER

First
Group
Pine
Benguet for flooring, panelings,
sidings &
furniture. Also for framings,
trusses
Tanguile & Apitong the most common
lumber in
the market. Used for
framings, joists,
trusses, nailers, etc.
Lauan (white & red) for framings, furnitures
Kamagong for furnitures

Examples of PHILIPPINE TIMBER

First
Group
Dao
for panelings & veneers
Almaciga for panelings & veneers
Mahogany
Ipil
Kalantas
Kalamansanai

TAKE-HOME QUIZ:
Research on the following Wood
Connections:

1. Using an 8x8 wood post, illustrate the

wood post connection to a 12x12
concrete pedestal.
2. Illustrate the connection of an 8x8 wood
post into a 2-2x6x12 wood beam.
3. Illustrate the roof framing layout (using
wood rafters) for a 5.00m x 6.00m