Latitude, Longitude, & Maps

I. Introduction
II. The shape of the earth
III. Latitude
IV. Longitude
V. Maps

Housekeeping
1)Exam 2 updated on the syllabus 11/2/16
2)Questions and Clarifications?

And a couple of questions of a different nature:

1)Where am I?
2)Why am I here?

Latitude, Longitude, & Maps

I. Introduction
II. The shape of the earth
III. Latitude
IV. Longitude
V. Maps

The Shape of the Earth

The Shape of the Earth

Frederic Church painting of The Parthenon, from the Metropolitan Museum of Art, NY.

384-322 B.C.
Aristotle, Roman copy of a Greek original. Photo from Wikimedia Commons.

How do we know the earth is round?

276-194 B.C.
Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Photo and map from Wikimedia Commons.

Notice irregularly spaced lines

Eratosthenes measurement of Earth in 247 BC

How do we know the earth is round?

Figure 1.12

Magellans ship Victoria, the only one to complete the circumnavigation of the earth.
Detail from a map by Ortelius, 1590 AD. From Wikimedia Commons.

The Cantino World Map of 1502, showing the meridian established by the Treaty of
Tordesillas, which divided the non-European world between Spain (west) and Portugal
(east). From Wikimedia Commons.

Magellans Route

From Wikimedia Commons

Strait of Magellan

Tierra del Fuego

Photo of Strait of Magellan

From Wikimedia Commons

Magellans Route

From Wikimedia Commons

Earths Dimensions

Remember, Eratosthenes
concluded the earth was
25,000 mi in circumference

Figure 1.11

From Phys.org

From Bolstad 4th Ed

Latitude, Longitude, & Maps

I. Introduction
II. The shape of the earth
III. Latitude
IV. Longitude
V. Maps

Claudius Ptolemaus
Ptolemy

AD 90 - 168

Latitude and longitude

Ptolemys map, c 150 BC (15th century copy). From Wikimedia Commons.

Latitude

Sextant John Davis

Astrolabe developed
by Hipparchus

Longitude

Latitude and longitude

303700.5 North, 962025.6 West

Latitude, Longitude, & Maps

I. Introduction
II. The shape of the earth
III. Latitude
IV. Longitude
V. Maps

Maps & Cartography

1/16 scale model truck

From Revell.com

The real truck

From kenworth.com

The real truck

From kenworth.com and revell.com

Large Scale

Small Scale

Graphical
Or Scale Bar

Scale and maps

Representative fraction (RF)

Scale and maps

On a 1:24,000 scale map, 1 inch represents 24,000 inches on

the ground.
And 1 cm represents 24,000 cm on the ground.
Why 24,000 for these maps published by the USGS?
Conveniently, 24,000 inches = 2,000 ft (i.e., 24,000/12 = 2,000).
So if you measure an inch on the map, it represents 2,000 ft. on
the ground.

Scale

Scale

Map projection

Map
Projections

From Randomhouse

Classes of
Map
Projections

Figure 1.21

Why would you want to use a

Mercator projection?

Mercator

From Bolstad 4th Ed

From Bolstad 4th Ed

From Bolstad 4th Ed

Types of Maps

Analytical Maps

GIS: maps today are represented mathematically in cyberspace. These representations

are used for analysis and often are not ever converted to a printed map. We commonly
change projections and scales as necessary.
Hourly Inundation Maps

Inundation
Frequency

Howey MCL. (2011) Multiple pathways across past landscapes: circuit theory as a complementary geospatial
method to least cost path for modeling past movement. Journal of Archaeological Science 38: 2523-2535.

Reference Maps

Reference maps are general purpose maps.

Reference maps are general purpose maps.

Many other maps are thematic maps they
present a graphic theme about a subject.

Worldwide Average Precipitation

From Intellicast

http://www.nohrsc.noaa.gov/snow_model/images/full/National/nsm_depth/201601/nsm_depth_2016012505_National.jpg

January Temperatures

Range of post oak (Quercus stellata)

From Burns & Honkala. 1990. Silvics of North America.

The theme of Geography:

Exploring the Earths Surface

Earths Surface & Problem-Solving

Geographic Problem-Solving through

field exploration

Painting: Lewis and Clark on the Lower Columbia, by C.M. Russell (1905. From
Wikimedia Commons.

Today, exploration also involves remotely

sensing the earths surface through
satellites, aircraft, etc.

Satellite image (from NASAs Landsat program) of Mississippi River

Geographic Problem-Solving involves

mapping

Ptolemys map

And today, mapping uses a suite of

technologies: GIS, GPS, etc.

Particulate matter (PM)

From NASA: New Map Offers a Global View of Health-Sapping Air Pollution

Kaikoura, South Island

New Zealand