Professional Documents
Culture Documents
IMPORTANCE OF FIRE
QUESTION
1. The known earliest use of fire to
mankind was for
A.shaping of weapons and tools
B.changing clay to pottery
C.keeping them warm and furnish
light
D.cooking their food
Answer
C
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QUESTION
2. In the process of combustion, for instance,
burning a wood or paper, what is being
burned?
A. The wood or paper on flame
B. The pyrolitic product
C. The vapor emitted from the burning item
D. The fuel
Answer
C
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Nature of Fire
FIRE is the rapid oxidation of a substance often
with the evolution of heat and light in varying
degrees of intensities.
Often a misconception is fire burns the
actual chair or piece of wood. It is the
GASSES given off by an object that
burns. HEAT causes objects to give off
these flammable gasses. When the
gasses reach their IGNITION
TEMPERATURE you see the light given off
during the oxidation known as FIRE. Fire
itself generates more heat to the object
and thus an endless cycle begins until all
of the gasses have been exhausted from
an object. Then the remaining particles
or ash are what is left.
QUESTION
3. Ignition temperature is also the same
as
A. Heat
B. Fire Point
C. Flash point
D. Heat stroke
Answer
B
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QUESTION
4. In general terms, what is the heat
and light that comes from the
combustion of substances?
A. Fire
B. Flame
C. Heat
D. Temperature
Answer
A
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QUESTION
5. The combustion process is also the
burning process know as
A. Controlled Fire
B. Free Radicals
C. Pyrolysis
D. Vaporization
Answer
C
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BOARD QUESTION
6. Among the elements of fire, the
most important is
A. Fuel
B. Heat
C. Temperature
D. Oxygen
Suggested
Answer
D
Elements of Fire
FUEL
UNINHIBITED CHAIN
REACTION OF COMBUSTION
PROCESS
QUESTION
7. The fire triangle represent the
glowing mode of fire while the fire
tetrahedron represent the ___ of fire.
A. Charring Mode
B. Flaming Mode
C. Pyrolysis
D. Thermal decomposition
Answer
B
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QUESTION
8. How much percent of oxygen is
needed to sustain combustion?
A. Approximately 16%
B. Must be more than 21%
C. At least 10%
D. Must not be less than 21%
Answer
A
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Fire Modes
Fire Triangle represent the
GLOWING MODE of fire.
Fire Tetrahedron represent the
FLAMING MODE of fire
If the process is confined with pressure it is called
EXPLOSION
If combustion propagates at supersonic speed, it
produced a DETONATION
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BOARD QUESTION
09. What is produced when fire is in its
supersonic speed mode?
A. Explosion
B. Detonation
C. Vaporization
D. High Voltage
Answer
B
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BOARD QUESTION
10. What is also known as Pyrolysis?
A. Thermal decomposition of matter
B. The Burning Process
C. The Combustion Process
D. All of these
Answer
D
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BOARD QUESTION
11. In the burning process, what are being
burned are gasses or vapors known as free
radicals. Among the following, which is not or
the least of free radicals?
A. Hydrogen gas
B. Carbon monoxide
C. Nitrogen
D. Inert gas
Answer
D
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BOARD QUESTION
12. The constant temperature at which
the vapor pressure of the liquid is equal to
the atmospheric pressure is called
A.
B.
C.
D.
Kindling/Ignition Temperature
Boiling Point
Fire point
Vapor density
Answer
B
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PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF
FIRE
BOARD QUESTION
13. What do we call, in the study of fires,
changes whereby heat is absorbed
before a reaction takes place?
A. Endothermic
B. Exothermic
C. Oxidation
D. Flame
Answer
A
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CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF
FIRE
QUESTION
14. ______ is energy in motion.
A. Thermal
B. Oxidation
C. Flame
D. Heat
Answer
D
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PRODUCTS OF COMBUSTION
Fire Gases
As a result of combustion, the following are
produced:
CO
CO2
Hydrogen gas
Nitrogen
Other poisonous gases
Hydrogen Sulfide (H2S), Hydrogen Cyanide (HCN),
Hydrogen Chloride (HCL)
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Flame
Luminous
Non-Luminous
Premixed
Diffused
Laminar
Turbulent
As to color
As to Air Mixture
As to Smoothness
BOARD QUESTION
15. The kind of flame that is disturbed
and thus produce rugged edges rather
than being smooth is called __.
A. Luminous Flame
B. Premixed Flame
C. Turbulent Flame
D. Diffused Flame
Answer
C
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BOARD QUESTION
16. The best reason why a luminous flame
is colored orange-red is due to ______.
A. incomplete combustion of matter
B. the chemical component of the
burning material
C. carbon monoxide
D. slow input of oxygen
Answer
A
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STAGES OF BURNING
BOARD QUESTION
17. The fireman has noticed an accelerated
burning process and estimated a temperature of
about 800-1000 F at the base of fire in the
burning house. This observation leads to
conclusion that the fire is in its __ stage.
A. Incipient
B. Free Burning
C. Smoldering
D. Controlled
Answer
B
Incipient
Stage
Free Burning
Stage
Smoldering
Stage
THE FUELS
(COMBUSTIBLE MATERIALS)
BOARD QUESTION
18. Which of the following does not fall
under Class A fires?
A. None of these
B. Exploding gas depot
C. Burning nipa hut
D. Forest fire
Answer
B
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Classification of Fuels
BOARD QUESTION
19. What is the term used to refer to organic
matters like wood, garbage and animal
manure that can be use to produce energy?
A. Plastic
B. Biomass
C. Coal
D. Fossils
Answer
B
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BOARD QUESTION
20. What do we call plastic fuel that
contains nitro cellulose?
A. Pyroxylin
B. Pyrolytic
C. Pyrolyzed
D. None of the above
Answer
A
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is charcoal. Chemical decomposition does not occur because there are no pyrolyzable
elements present. No vapors are released. The glowing combustion that results is an
example of a gas-to-solid
reaction.
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Characteristics of FUELS
Solids
Have definite volume and shape.
In order for combustion to occur, it must
that is
oxygen.
capable
of
combining
with
Liquids
Assumes the shape of its container and
may diffuse.
It has a definite volume and may be
compressed slightly.
Like a solid, in order for combustion to
Groups of Flammable
Liquids
BOARD QUESTION
21. What is the flash point of a liquid?
A. 82 degrees celcius
B. 88 degrees celcius
C. 79 degrees celcius
D. 69 degrees celcius
Answer
C
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Refers to the
lowest temperature a liquid at which sufficient
vapor is given off to form an ignitable mixture
with air, near the surface of the liquid or within
the vessel used, as determined by appropriate
laboratory test such as 79C in accordance
with the Standard Method of Test for Flash Point
by the Tag Closed Tester, ASTM D 56-61.
Gasoline
Lacquer
Kerosene
Olive oil
Turpentine
Alcohol
Cod liver
oil
Paint
Varnish
BOARD QUESTION
22. What kind of fuel has no definite
shape or volume?
A. Liquid
B. Gas
C. Solid
D. All of the above
Answer
B
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Gases
Have no definite shape or volume and
Natural gas
Propane
Butane
Hydrogen
Acetylene
Carbon
monoxide
OXYGEN
(The Oxidizing Agent)
fire
is
an
exothermic
reaction
QUESTION
23. Air has approximately __ % of
oxygen, which is also the needed
amount to begin reacting with fuel.
A. 28
B. 16
C. 81
D. 21
Answer
D
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IN AIR
The air we breathe contains approximately 21% oxygen.
Flammable Limits
Mixtures of flammable gases or vapors with
Air Controlled
Increasingfuel content
Fuel Controlled
0% by volume
!00% by volume
Gas content
Air content
Increasingair content
100% by volume
No combustion possible
due to too litle oxygen
(Mixture too strong)
QUESTION
24. What is called the behavior of fire
where fire ball maybe produces?
A. Backdraft
B. Flashover
C. Biteback
D. Flashfire
Answer
B
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HEAT
(Energy in Motion)
BOARD QUESTION
25. 100*C is equivalent to __ *F.
A. 212 degrees Fahrenheit
B. 312 degrees Fahrenheit
C. 412 degrees Fahrenheit
D. 122 degrees Fahrenheit
Answer
A
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Typical Temperatures
C
Description
100
212
Water boils
40
104
Hot Bath
37
98.6
Body temperature
30
86
Beach weather
21
70
Room temperature
10
50
Cool Day
32
-18
-40
-40
Heat Sources
Heat is needed to start the chemical
reaction.
Heat source can be provided by a wide
variety of means.
Some heat sources are designed and
QUESTION
26. When the heat source which provided a
destructive fire is from cooking appliances that
involves combustible cooking media such as
vegetable or animal oil, the class of fire is
considered as _________.
A. Class K fire
B. Class D fire
C. Class B fire
D. No Class
Answer
A
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Heat Sources
BOARD QUESTION
27. Which of these best describe
conduction?
A. Heat transfer through liquid
B. Heat transfer through heat wave
C. Heat transfer through solid material
D. Heat transfer through air motion
Answer
C
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The transfer
of heat from the initial source to other
fuel fuels in and beyond the area of fire
origin.
Transmission of Heat
1. Conduction
- the transmission
2.
Radiation
- the transmission
4.
- fire spreads
RADIATION
CONDUCTION
DIRECT FLAME
CONTACT
QUESTION
28. In the study of the fire tetrahedron,
which is called the 4th element of fire?
A. Pyrolysis
B. Combustion process
C. The Chain reaction
D. Thermal decomposition of matter
Answer
C
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Uninhibited Chemical
Chain Reactions
(the 4th Element of Fire)
As fuel is heated, pyrolysis, a chemical decomposition
As
PYROLYSIS
Heat input
1
Oxidations
Stops
AIR
Critical
Time
Proper Proportioning
Ignition
Continuity
Mixing
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Factors Affecting
the Burning Process
QUESTION
29. What is called the total quantity of
combustible contents of a building, space, or
fire area including interior finish which can
totally affect the combustion process?
A. Fuel load
B. Fire origin
C. Humidity
D. Physical characteristic
Answer
A
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Fuel load
The total quantity of combustible contents of
The
fire
growth
rate
is
controlled by:
Physical and Chemical Properties of
the Fuel
Fuel condition
Fuel configuration
Compartmentation/ventilation
QUESTION
30. Generally, when the moisture content of
fuel is above 15%, ignition is difficult and
requires heat in a prolonged period of time.
What is being described?
A. Fuel load
B. Oxygen content
C. Fuel condition
D. Class of the fuel
Answer
C
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Fuel Conditions
Moisture
content
equilibrium point
of
Fuel
and
its
Configuration of Fuel
The combustion of solid fuels is more
complex than the combustion of a liquid
or gas.
Fuels take on many shapes and can be
divided into many forms.
The severity and the duration of the fire
will be dependant upon;
Arrangement and/or Placement
How a fuel is normally configured in a structure
will determine how it will burn and how it will
affect other fuels present in the structure.
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Physical characteristics
A fuel must be present in a
suitable condition to be ignited.
An example would be a heavy
petroleum distillate spread on a
floor will not easily ignite,
however by placing a wick in it,
the wick will easily ignite and
draw the fuel to the flame.
Physical characteristics
Level of ignition on the fuel
Size of ignition source relative to
mass/surface area of fuel
The location of ignition on the fuel will
determine the rate of fire development.
(An example would be a fire starting on
the arm rest of a chair verses starting at
the bottom of the chair) (As fire burns
upward it will progress faster if the fuel is
above it, especially in the earlier stages)
Amount - the total amount of fuel present
must be balanced with the amount of air
in the area in order to continue the
burning process.
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An example would
be a fire starting
on the arm rest of
a chair verses
starting at the
bottom of the
chair.
Physical properties
Heat loss
If the thermal insulation between
two materials is increased, the
flame spread rate will increase
since less energy would be lost
from the burning area.
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Thermal properties of
Fuels
BOARD QUESTION
31. The abnormal decomposition of
matter through fire is called __.
A. Thermodynamics
B. Thermal Balance
C. Thermal Imbalance
D. Pyrolitic Characteristic
Answer
C
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QUESTION
32. During the stages of fire, the rate of fire
spread is determined by the heat release
rate of a burning fuel. This statement is __.
A. Correct
B. Incorrect
C. Sometimes correct
D. Sometimes incorrect
Answer
A
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Burning cigarette
5W
Standard A Light Bulbs
15 to 200 W
Burning match
80 W
Coffee maker, hair dryer, toaster
500 to 1500 W or
0.5 to 1.5 kW
Burning Coffee Maker
40 kW
Small Trash Can, Trash Bag Fires
50 to 300 kW
Burning Upholstered Chair
80 kW to 2.5 MW
Burning Upholstered Sofa
3,000 kW or 3 MW
Burning Christmas Tree
1.6 MW to 5.2 MW
300s 5 kW
360s 10 kW
460s 25 kW
560s 40 kW
610s 40 kW
structure
burning
will
until
control
a
the
change
in
amount
of
ventilation
occurs.
This change can be from any opening that
or intentional.
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BOARD QUESTION
33. What common condition maybe produced
when air suddenly enters a non-ventilated
area where carbon and other products of fire
are confined?
A. Backdraft
B. Fireball
C. Flashover
D. Intensity
Answer
A
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Weather
Temperature, humidity and air/oxygen
barrier
to
15%. Qualify ..
Is or was anything present to make this
percentage vary?
Is or was there anything that increases or
decreases air velocity?
At what point during the progress of the
fire did either or both of the above occur?
Is there any substance present in the fuel
that through decomposition or burning
produces additional oxygen?
QUESTION
34. Which of the following is not a
means of measuring temperature?
A. Rankin
B. Kelvin
C. Compass
D. Celcius
Answer
C
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QUESTION
35. There are three primary effects that
structure geometry will have on fire,
except?
A. Ventilation
B. Fuel Load
C. Ability to retain heat
D. Humidity
Answer
D
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Structure geometry
Once the fire has started in a
Human factors
Every person has unique daily living
differently to a fire.
Changing ventilation
Leaving a door open when leaving
Breaking a window
Spreading the Fire
Moving the fire source
Attempts to control the fire
PART TWO
BASIC FIRE INVESTIGATION
Preliminary Notes
In the Philippines, the Bureau of fire Protection
is the main government agency responsible for
the prevention and suppression of all
destructive fires on buildings, houses and
other structures, forest, land transportation
vehicles and equipments, ships or vessels
docked at piers or major seaports, petroleum
industry installation, plane crashes and other
similar incidents, as well as the enforcement of
the Fire Code and other related laws. It has the
major power to investigate all causes of fires
and necessary, file the proper complaints with
the proper authority that has jurisdiction over
the case (R.A. no. 6975, sec. 54).
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LEGAL MANDATE
Forest;
LEGAL MANDATE
VISION
MISSION
2. Fire Suppression
a. Fire Fighting and Control
b. Fire Investigation
Senior
Executive
Assistant
Personal
Aide
Office
Deputy Chief
for Admin
Public
Info
Service
s
Internal
Affairs
Svcs
Legal
Service
s
Chaplain
s Ofc
Deputy Chief
for Opn
Chief
Directorial
Staff
DIRECTORIAL STAFFS
Directorate
for
Administrati
on
Human
Resource
Management
Div
Human
Resource
Developmen
t
Div
Directorate
for
Comptrollers
hip
Financial
Manageme
nt
Div
Cash
Manageme
nt
Div
Directorate
for Plans and
Standards
Devt
Plans &
Programs
Div
Fire Science
& Standards
Devt Div
Directorate
for Fire
Safety and
Prevention
Fire
Intelligence
&
Investigatio
n
Div
Fire Safety
Enforcemen
t
Div
Directorate
for
Logistics
Logistic
s
Division
Supply
Manageme
nt
Div
Directorate
for
Operations
Fire
Suppression &
Operations Div
Health &
Emergency
Manageme
nt
Div
Special
Operation
Div
Is Fire Investigation
complex and unique?
BOARD QUESTION
36. What are called the eyes and ears
of fire investigators in the case of arson?
A. Witness
B. Complainant
C. Firemen
D. Fire setter
Answer
C
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FIRE INVESTIGATION
The totality of the process involving the
determination of whether or not a fire
occurrence is accidental, incendiary or
caused by natural causes.
ARSON INVESTIGATION
The art of probing and analyzing an
incendiary/intentional fires which is
intended to identify, locate, and
ultimately prosecute the perpetrator.
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QUESTION
37. Which of the following law punishes
the crime of arson?
A. PD 1613
B. PD 1744
C. Revised Penal Code
D. All of the Above
Answer
D
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Overview of the
Law on Arson
BOARD QUESTION
38. Which of the following illustrates
the crime of arson?
A. Simultaneous fire
B. Faulty electric wiring
C. Unexplained explosion
D. Thick reddish smoke
Answer
A
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QUESTION
39. In studying the motives of arsonist,
expert suggested that the most common
motive why people put things on fire is _.
A. Reward
B. Monetary gain
C. Revenge
D. Covering up another crime
Answer
B
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QUESTION
40. A type of pyromaniac who set a
building on fire then pretend he
discovers it?
A. Abnormal youth
B. Drug addict
C. Hero type
D. Sexual pervert
Answer
C
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QUESTION
41. Which of the following is
synonymous with intentional fire or
arson?
A. Simultaneous fire
B. Pyromanianism
C. Dragon fire
D. Incendiary fire
Answer
D
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Classes of Fire
(According to Cause)
ARSON
QUESTION
42. Motive is an element in the crime
of arson.
A. True
B. False
C. Partially true
D. Partially false
Answer
B
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are:
- Concealment of Other Crimes
- Defrauding the Insurance Company
Types of Insurance fraud arsons:
1. Quick profit
2. Revenge, Spite or
Anger
3. Mental Illness
4. Vandalism
Investigative Guidelines
Type:
1. Residence
2. Business establishment/Nonresident
3. Open field
4. Occupants or anyone present at the time of or prior to the
fire.
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
Location
Date and Time (day of week) reported:
Point of Origin
Conditions that indicate an arson may be involved:
Isolation:
Searching a fire scene:
Interview:
Photography of a fire scene:
Motive:
Other follow-up investigation techniques:
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1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
C.
D.
E.
F.
C.
D.
E.
F.
G.
carefully collect debris from various portions wherein the fire originated,
segregate and place in a sealed container with corresponding labels and
initials, and take pictures of the same;
gather possible physical evidence which could have been used if there is
an indication of arson and have it properly documented;
interview person/s who could give vital information relative to the fire and
invite possible witnesses including the owner/occupants of the
burned/affected
structure
or building.
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QUESTION
43. Which of the following tale tell signs
indicates the material used by the
arsonist?
A. Type of building under fire
B. Color of smoke
C. Wind direction
D. Smoke marks
Answer
B
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QUESTION
44. By observation, the fireman noticed black
smokes and reddish flame coming out of the
windows of the burning building. This indicates
that the burning material would be A. Petroleum or rubber products
B. Magnesium products
C. Nitrogen products
D. Potassium products
Answer
A
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A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
QUESTION
45. Under set rules and guidelines, how many
copies of the Fire Investigation Report (FIR)
should be prepared by the fire investigator?
A. Duplicated copy
B. Five (5) copies
C. Three (3) copies
D. As many copies as he can
Answer
B
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B.
C.
A. For NCR
Authority
Aggregate Damage
1.
2.
3.
4.
5. Fire Chief
- - - - - - - - - - Not exceeding P 10 M
- - - - - - - - - - Not exceeding P 20 M
- - - - - - - - - - Not exceeding P 30 m
- - - - - - - - - - Above P 30 M but not exceeding
P 50 M
- - - - - - - - - - Above P 50 M
Authority
1.
2.
3.
4.
5. Fire Chief
Aggregate Damage
- - - - - - - - - - - Not exceeding P 10 M
- - - - - - - - - - - Not exceeding P 20 M
- - - - - - - - - - - Not exceeding P 30 M
- - - - - - - - - - - Above P30 M but not
exceeding P 50 M
- - - - - - - - - - - P 50 M and above
QUESTION
46. What is referred to as the total
damage of the whole area burned?
A. Aggregate damage
B. Property damage
C. Actual damage
D. Moral damage
Answer
A
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BOARD QUESTION
47. Why is water prohibited to quench
Class D fires?
A. Burning metals are too hot
B. Water is not capable of extinguishing
fires
C. There is danger of electrocution
D. Class D fires react violently with water
Answer
D
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QUESTION
48. Heat can be extinguished by means
of __ method.
A. Cooling
B. Smothering
C. Fuel removal
D. Chemical inhibition
Answer
A
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1.
(Removing heat) a
process using an extinguishing agent
whose
primary characteristics is heat
Smothering
absorption.
2.
(Removing oxygen) a
process
Separationof excluding the oxygen from the
fuel
so Interruption/Inhibition
that gases or vapors cannot ignite
Chemical
and continue the combustion. (blanketing
effect)
3.
the removal of the
fuel.
4.
the
Cooling
COOLING
SMOTHERING
FUEL
REMOVAL/SEPARATION
CHEMICAL
INTERRUPTION/INHIBITION
Extinguishing Agents:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Foam)
6.
Water
Carbon Dioxide
Dry Chemical
Dry Powder
AFFF (Aqueous Film Forming
Halons
QUESTION
49. The use of a fire track is considered
a fire extinguisher.
A. True
B. False
C. Partially true
D. Partially false
Answer
B
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QUESTION
50. Which of the following is not one
among the types of chemicals used in a
portable fire extinguisher.
A. Compressed gas
B. Halon
C. Dry Chemical
D. Dry Powder
Answer
A
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Fire Extinguisher
1. Portable
2.Semi-Portable/Wheeled Type
1. H2O (water)
2. Dry Chemicals
3. Carbon Dioxide (CO2)
4. AFFF (foam)
5. Halons
6. Dry Powder (metal/sand fire extinguishers)
7. Halotron I
8. FE-36 (Hydrofluorocarbon-236fa) HFC-236fa
9. Water Mist
Semi-Portable/Wheeled Type
Fire Extinguishers
1.
Sodium Chloride
Types of
Extinguisher Testing:
1. Service Test
- the operational
testing of an extinguisher conducted
yearly to determine its functions to
operate
properly.
Hydrostatic Test
2.
- an internal
pressure check of an extinguisher or shell
to detect possible failure under pressure
Fire Fighting
tools
JAWS OF LIFE
Hurzt Cutter
Rollover
Flashover
Firestorm
Firefighting Vehicle
1st phase
Recording/
Documentation
Protect/Preserve Fire
Scene
Information Gathering
Photography
Barricade Tape
Sketching
Audio/Video Utilization
Note Taking
Elicitation
Cordon Rope
Posting of Uniform
Personnel
Recognize Threats to
Evidence
Fire Suppression
Overhaul
Salvage
Use of Tools
Constant Walking through the
Scene
Interview
Interrogation
a. Photograph
Photograph
a.
1. Crowd
Crowd
1.
2. Vehicles
Vehicles
2.
make and
and color
color
-- make
speedometer reading
reading
-- speedometer
key position
position
-- key
plate number
number
-- plate
3. Color
Color of
of Flames
Flames and
and Smoke
Smoke
3.
b. Audio,
Audio, Video
Video Utilization
Utilization
b.
c. Sketch
Sketch Preparation
Preparation
c.
1. Rough
Rough Sketch
Sketch
1.
2. Progression
Progression Sketch
Sketch
2.
Unnatural
Unnatural state
state of
of the
the premises.
premises.
Obstacle
Obstacle on
on entry
entry point.
point.
Door
Door and
and window
window locked.
locked.
Fire
Fire alarm
alarm or
or other
other fire
fire protection
protection
equipments
equipments disconnected/sabotage.
disconnected/sabotage.
5.
5. Artificial
Artificial drafts
drafts by
by making
making opening.
opening.
6.
6. Block
Block entrance.
entrance.
Methods
And
Assessment
Detail Analysis of
Information
Observation Analysis
Location of Area
of Origin
How Fire Detected
Unusual Event Prior
to Fire
Fire Cause
Last Person seen prior
to the fire
Non-Communicating
Fires
Fire Pattern
Analysis
Technology
Utilization
Lines or areas of
Demarcation
Present Condition&
Location of Victim
Incendiary Devices
Missing Items
Unusual Appearance&
Location
Trace Evidence
Discover
Surface Effects
Penetration of
Horizontal Surface
Consumption of
Material in Melting
Carbon Tracing
Detector
Observation Analysis
Non-Communicating Fires
Present Condition & Location of Victim
Incendiary Devices
Missing Items
Unusual Appearance & Location
Trace Evidence Discover
Lines or areas of
Demarcation
Surface Effects
The nature and material of the surface
that contains the fire pattern will have a
bearing on the shape and nature of the
pattern itself.
Sample:
Alligatory pattern
Deep of Charring
Spalling
Clean Burn
Rate of Charring
Smoke and Soot
Technology Utilization
Concrete Spalling
Wood wall studs showing decreasing damage as distance from fire increases.
Detail Analysis of
Information From
Witnesses
Observation
Analysis
Fire Pattern
Analysis
Technology
Utilization
ORIGIN
DETERMINATION
3rd Phase
Search Method
Strip Method
Double Strip
Zone
Wheel
Spiral
Record/Document
Evidence Prior to
Collection
Photograph Evidence
Prior to Collection
Sketch & measure
Evidence Location
Audio & video
utilization
Note Taking
Recognize/Identify
Evidence
Evidence Collection,
Packaging Transport
Flagging
Marking
Recognition
Marking
Place Evidence to
Suitable Container
Tag, Seal & Mark
Evidence
Marking
Packaging
Transmittal Letter
2 witness requirements
ORGANIZATION
AND BASIC STAGES
IN SEARCH OPERATIONS
ORGANIZATION
AND BASIC STAGES
I. OPERATIONS
Preparation
IN SEARCH
A. Team Briefing
1. Materials requirement
of involved members
2. Discussed search
pattern use:
strip
double strip
wheel
spiral
zone
ORGANIZATION
AND BASIC STAGES
I. OPERATIONS
Preparation
IN SEARCH
A. Team Briefing
3. Assignment / role of
individual team
members.
4. Set up command post
5. Organize communication
with services auxiliary.
6. Coordination with other
agencies.
ORGANIZATION
AND BASIC STAGES
IN SEARCHII.OPERATIONS
Initiates Preliminary
Survey
a.
Accomplished
a
cautious walk through
the scene.
b.
Acquire preliminary
photograph.
ORGANIZATION
AND BASIC STAGES
IN SEARCHII.OPERATIONS
Initiates Preliminary
Survey
d.
Determine personnel
and equipment needs.
e. Identify
and
protect
transient
physical
evidence.
f.
ORGANIZATION
AND BASIC STAGES
IN SEARCHII.OPERATIONS
Initiates Preliminary
Survey
g.
Record vehicles
identification number,
key
position
and
odometer reading.
h.
Concentrate on most
transient evidence and
work to the least
transient
form
of
physical evidence.
ORGANIZATION
AND BASIC STAGES
IN SEARCHII.OPERATIONS
Initiates Preliminary
Survey
i. Focus first on the easily
accessible
areas in open view and
progress eventually to
possible
outer
view
locations, look for a
purposively hidden items.
j.
ORGANIZATION
AND BASIC STAGES
IN SEARCHII.OPERATIONS
Initiates Preliminary
Survey
k. Evaluate whether or not
the scene and evidence
appears unintentionally
contrived.
l. Two basic search
approaches:
1. "Cautious" search of visible
areas, taking steps to avoid
evidence loss or contamination.
2. After the "cautious search,
a vigorous search for hidden
concealed areas.
ORGANIZATION
AND BASIC STAGES
IN SEARCH
III. OPERATIONS
Depict Scene
Photographically
a. Begin photography as
soon as possible.
b. Document the
photographic effort with a
photographic logbook.
c. Insure that a progression
of overall, medium and
close-up view of the
scene is establish.
ORGANIZATION
AND BASIC STAGES
IN SEARCH
III. OPERATIONS
Depict Scene
Photographically
d. Use recognize scale device
for size determination when
applicable.
e. When scale device is used
first take photograph with
out
the inclusion of the
device.
f. Photograph evidence in
place before its collection
and packaging.
ORGANIZATION
AND BASIC STAGES
IN SEARCH
III. OPERATIONS
Depict Scene
Photographically
g. Be observant on
photographs areas
adjacent to the crime
scene points of entry,
exits, windows.
h. Photograph items,
places, etc to collaborate
the statement of
witnesses, victims, and
suspects.
ORGANIZATION
AND BASIC STAGES
IN SEARCH
III. OPERATIONS
Depict Scene
Photographically
i. Prepare photographic
sketch and photo
logbook.
j. Do not hesitate to
photograph something
which has no apparent
significance at that time,
it may later prove to be a
key element in the
investigation.
ORGANIZATION
AND BASIC STAGES
IN SEARCH
OPERATIONS
IV. Prepare Sketch of the
Scene
The diagram establishes
permanent record of items
condition and distance/ size
relationship - diagram
photographs.
ORGANIZATION
AND BASIC STAGES
IN SEARCH OPERATIONS
Case Identifier
Location
Date/Time
Scale or Scale Disclaims
Compass Orientation
Measurements
Key of Legends
Sketch Preparer
ORGANIZATION
AND BASIC STAGES
IN SEARCH OPERATIONS
ORGANIZATION
AND BASIC STAGES
IN SEARCH OPERATIONS
ORGANIZATION
AND BASIC STAGES
IN SEARCHV.OPERATIONS
Collect and Preserve
Evidence
a. Collect evidence in
accordance with standard
practice.
b. Use specialized search
patterns (strip, double
strip, zone, wheel)
ORGANIZATION
AND BASIC STAGES
IN SEARCHV.OPERATIONS
Collect and Preserve
Evidence
c. Photograph all items
before collection and
enter notation in
photographic logbook.
d. Mark evidence location in
diagram sketch.
ORGANIZATION
AND BASIC STAGES
IN SEARCHV.OPERATIONS
Collect and Preserve
Evidence
e. Have at least 2 persons:
See evidence in place
before collection;
Observe it being collected;
Tag zeal evidence;
Place identifying marks on
evidence container and
document the proceeding
by photograph.
ORGANIZATION
AND BASIC STAGES
IN SEARCHVI.OPERATIONS
Collect and Preserve
Evidence
g. If feasible, have one
person as an evidence
custodian to prepare
evidence chain of custody,
and evidence log.
h. Seal all evidence
containers at the crime
scene.
ORGANIZATION
AND BASIC STAGES
IN SEARCHVI.OPERATIONS
Collect and Preserve
Evidence
i. The best container for
physical evidence such
as debris with possible
flammable accelerants is
clean can, or jar and
thus, evidence plastic
container can do.
ORGANIZATION
AND BASIC STAGES
IN SEARCHV.OPERATIONS
Collect and Preserve
Evidence
j. Do not forget entrance/
exit areas at the scene to
obtain appropriate and
substantial known
standards.
k. Do not over document
the physical evidence.
ORGANIZATION
AND BASIC STAGES
IN SEARCHVI.
OPERATIONS
Conduct Final Survey
a. This survey is a critical
review of all aspects of
the search.
b. Double check
documentation to detect
inadvertent errors.
c. Insure that photographs
are taken of scene
showing final condition
after completion of
search.
ORGANIZATION
AND BASIC STAGES
IN SEARCHVI.
OPERATIONS
Conduct Final Survey
d. Check to insure all
evidence is accounted
far before departing
scene.
e. Release of the fire scene
is accomplished only
after completion of the
final survey.
f. Secure affidavit that no
looting/ lost cause by
responding firefighters.
4th Phase
Fire Cause
Determination
The systematic approach recommended is
that of the scientific method, which is used in
the physical sciences.
This method provides for the organizational
and analytical process so desirable and
necessary in a successful fire investigation.
applied
SCIENTIFIC METHOD
SCIENTIFIC METHOD
Recognize the need
(identify the
problem)
Define the problem
Collect data
Analyze the data
(inductive
reasoning)
Develop a
hypothesis
Test the hypothesis
(deductive
reasoning)
Select final
hypothesis
(determine cause)
SCIENTIFIC METHOD
b. Define the Problem
Recognize the need
(identify the
problem)
Define the problem
Collect data
Analyze the data
(inductive
reasoning)
Develop a
hypothesis
Test the hypothesis
(deductive
reasoning)
Select final
hypothesis
(determine cause)
SCIENTIFIC METHOD
b. Define the Problem
Recognize the need
(identify the
problem)
Define the problem
Collect data
Analyze the data
(inductive
reasoning)
Develop a
hypothesis
Test the hypothesis
(deductive
reasoning)
Select final
hypothesis
(determine cause)
This is done by an
examination of the scene and
by a combination of other
data
collection
methods,
such as the review of
previously
conducted
investigations of the incident,
the interviewing of witnesses
or
other
knowledgeable
persons, and the results of
scientific testing.
SCIENTIFIC METHOD
Recognize the need
(identify the
problem)
Define the problem
Collect data
Analyze the data
(inductive
reasoning)
Develop a
hypothesis
Test the hypothesis
(deductive
reasoning)
Select final
hypothesis
(determine cause)
c. Collect Data
Facts
about
the
fire
incident are now collected.
This is done by observation,
experiment, or other direct
data gathering means. This is
called
empirical
data
because it is based on
observation or experience
and is capable of being
verified.
Subjective or speculative
information
cannot
be
included in the analysis, only
facts that can be clearly
proven by observation or
experiment.
Based
on
the
data
analysis, the investigator
should
now
produce
a
hypothesis
or
group
of
hypotheses to explain the
origin and cause of the fire or
explosion incident.
This hypothesis should be
based solely on the empirical
data that the investigator has
collected.
SCIENTIFIC METHODf.
Recognize the need
(identify the
problem)
Define the problem
Collect data
Analyze the data
(inductive
reasoning)
Develop a
hypothesis
Test the hypothesis
(deductive
reasoning)
Select final
hypothesis
(determine cause)
All
other
reasonable
origins and causes should be
eliminated.
The investigator does not
have
a
truly
provable
hypothesis unless it can
stand the test of careful and
serious challenge.
SCIENTIFIC METHODf.
Recognize the need
(identify the
problem)
Define the problem
Collect data
Analyze the data
(inductive
reasoning)
Develop a
hypothesis
Test the hypothesis
(deductive
reasoning)
Select final
hypothesis
(determine cause)
SCIENTIFIC METHODf.
Recognize the need
(identify the
problem)
Define the problem
Collect data
Analyze the data
(inductive
reasoning)
Develop a
hypothesis
Test the hypothesis
(deductive
reasoning)
Select final
hypothesis
(determine cause)
SCIENTIFIC METHODf.
Recognize the need
(identify the
problem)
Define the problem
Collect data
Analyze the data
(inductive
reasoning)
Develop a
hypothesis
Test the hypothesis
(deductive
reasoning)
Select final
hypothesis
(determine cause)
SCIENTIFIC METHOD
IMPORTANT NOTES
in the Investigation
Process
COLOR OF SMOKE
COLOR OF FLAME
SMELL OF ODOR
OTHER TALE TELL SIGNS
Combustibles
Color of Smoke
White
White to Gray
Yellow to
Yellow to
GreenishGray to brown
Violet
Brown
Brownish
Black to
Black
Black
Temperature
Faint Red
Blood red
Bright red
Salmon red
Orange
Lemon
Light yellow
White
Blue White
Item/Substance
Odor
Nitro-cellulose
Pungent, similar to
camphor
Phosphorous
Wet match heads
Carbo0n disulfide
Rotten Cabbage
Gunpowder
Burned firecrackers
Sulphur candles
Chocking odor
Ammonia
Pungent
Insect sprays
Sweet or perfumed
Cyanide or hydrochloric acid gas
Peach pit
www.rkmfiles.net/ 2010 rommel k manwong
3.
4.
5.
6.
Heat Colors
Temperature
Yellow
450 degrees F - 230 degrees C
Brown to Purple
550
F - 290
C
Blue
600
F - 320
C
Faint Red
900
F - 480
C
Dark Cherry
1100
F - 590
C
Full Cherry
1400
F - 760
C
Salmon www.rkmfiles.net/ 2010 rommel k manwong
Fires:
Substance
Aluminum
Animal Matter
Manure
Bronze
Magnesium
filings
Miscellaneous
flour
Steel
Vegetable matter
Vegetable oils
Zincwww.rkmfiles.net/ 2010 rommel k manwong
Form
Shavings
Hides, Skin,
Shavings, filings
Shavings,
Sawdust, coal,
Shavings, filings
Hay, grain
All
Shavings, filings
QUESTION
51. Under the DILG or PNP Law, which
government agency is responsible for the
prevention and suppression of all destructive
fires on buildings, houses, and other
structures, forest, land transportation vehicles,
aircraft, sea transportation and equipment.
A. Bureau of Jail and Management
B. Local Government
C. Bureau of Fir Protection and Public Safety
D. Fire Department
Answer
C
QUESTION
52. What important point to be
established to determine the location or
place in the building the fire started?
A. The most damaged part of the building
B. The exterior part of the building
C. The interior and the badly damaged
part of the building
D. The point of origin of the fire
Answer
D
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QUESTION
53. It is the uncontrollable impulse of a
person to burn anything.
A. Reaction
B. Pyromania
C. Body spasm
D. Pyromaniac
Answer
B
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QUESTION
54. In a fire situation, or burning building,
an important factor in determining the
use of incendiary fire and a good
indication of the intensity of the fire is _.
A. Color of smoke
B. The heat
C. Type of fuel
D. Color of flame
Answer
B
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BOARD QUESTION
55. The activity of protecting the properties from
preventable damage other than the fire. The
steps are a) remove the material outside the
burning area, and b) protecting or cover the
materials by using tarpaulins (cotton canvass
treated with water proofing) is called __.
A. Fire fighting
B. Extinguishment
C. Salvage
D. Overhauling
Answer
C