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MODULATION
MODULATION
- is defined as the process of impressing a low
frequency signal onto a high frequency signal.
Low frequency
Modulating
The same
Frequency
Information Frequency
Information Frequency = ( 20 Hz - 20 KHz )
Voice Frequency = ( 300 Hz - 3400 Hz )
High Frequency - immune to noise
Low Frequency - susceptible to noise
/2
/2
Modulating Signal
/2
/4
/4
Dipole Antenna
FREQUENCY MODULATION
- is defined a s the process of changing the
frequency of a high frequency signal in accordance
to the amplitude of a low frequency signal..
+v
0
Modulating Signal
-v
+v
0
-v
Frequency Modulation
PHASE MODULATION
- is defined a s the process of changing the phase of
a high frequency signal in accordance to the
amplitude of a low frequency signal..
+v
0
Modulating Signal
-v
+v
0
-v
Phase Modulation
AMPLITUDE MODULATION
- is defined as the process of changing the
amplitude of a high frequency signal in accordance
to the amplitude of a low frequency signal..
+v
0
Modulating Signal
-v
+v
0
-v
Amplitude Modulation
Training Objectives:
After completing this subject, the
Trainee will be able to ;
Describe circuit conditions necessary for
modulation.
Identify components of the modulated
waveform.
Determine the depth or percentage of
modulation.
100v
fc
e = 100 sin ct
Eo
75v
100v
75v
fa
e = 75 sin at
100v
fc
e = 100 sin ct
Eo
75v
100v
75v
fa
e = 75 sin at
100v
fc
Eo
75v
100v
75v
fa
100v
fc
e = 100 sin ct
Eo
75v
100v
75v
fa
e = 75 sin at
Conclusion:
In order to produce an Amplitude Modulated
Wave, a low frequency signal and a high frequency
signal must be combined in a non-linear device.
AMPLITUDE MODULATION
a
b c
Example :
For a 1MHz carrier and a 1 KHz modulating
voltage combining in a modulator circuit, what are
the frequencies appearing across the output of the
resonant tank circuit?
Answer :
Carrier Frequency (1MHz )
Upper Sideband Frequency (1MHz + 1KHz)
Lower Sideband Frequency (1MHz - 1KHz)
Symbols
Definition
modulation factor
M
fc
percent modulation
carrier frequency
fa
fus
audio frequency
upper sideband frequency
fls
Esm
Ecm
Symbols
Definition
Emax
maximum voltage
Emin
Ec
Eum
minimum voltage
rms value of carrier voltage
max. upper sideband voltage
Elm
Eu
El
Symbols
Definition
c
a
c + a
pt
ps
c - a
Symbols
Definition
pt
ps
pc
pu
pl
mt
DEPTH OF MODULATION or
MODULATION FACTOR
- is defined as the ratio of the total sideband
magnitude to the carrier component magnitude.
Esm
Ecm
AMPLITUDE MODULATION
Esm = 50v
Ecm = 100v
t
-Ecm = 100v
-Esm = 50v
Amplitude Modulation
AMPLITUDE MODULATION
Esm = 50v
Ecm = 100v
Amplitude Modulation
AMPLITUDE MODULATION
Esm = 50v
Ecm = 100v
2Emax
2Emin
-Ecm = 100v
-Esm = 50v
Amplitude Modulation
30
2Emax
2Emin
10
AMPLITUDE MODULATION
Esm = 10v
A
Ecm = 20v
B
Amplitude Modulation
Exercise :
1.
Calculate the depth of modulation when
Ecm=100V and Esm=60V.
2.
Calculate the depth of modulation when Emax=40V
and Emin=20V.
3.
50V
49V
75 sin 2fat
Esm= 75v
Ecm= 100v
Envelope is expressed as
envelope = 100 + 75 sin 2fat
(4)
(5)
Total Sideband
(6)
175
Ecm
100
0
Ecm
-100
-175
Ecm
e = Ecm sin ct
100
0
Ecm
-100
Esm
75
Esm
-75
(6)
Total Sideband
mEcm
2
Upper Sideband
mEcm
2
Lower Sideband
mEcm
mEcm
2
(7)
Factoring 2t
e = Ecm sin 2fct
Carrier
mEcm
2
cos2t (fc + fa ) +
Upper Sideband
mEcm
2
cos2t (fc - fa )
Lower Sideband
(8)
mEcm
Carrier
cos2t (fc + fa ) +
Upper Sideband
mEcm
2
cos2t (fc - fa )
Lower Sideband
(8)
Esm
2
cos2t (fc + fa ) +
Esm
2
cos2t (fc - fa )
(9)
cos2t (fc - fa )
(8)
Carrier
mEcm
2
cos2t (fc + fa ) +
Upper Sideband
mEcm
2
Lower Sideband
(10)
mEcm
cos2t (fc + fa )
(11)
cos2t (fc - fa )
(12)
2
3. Waveform (c) is the lower sideband component (fc - fa )
eL = +
mEcm
2
4. Waveform (d) is the total sideband component
eS =
mEcm
2
cos2t (fc + fa ) +
mEcm
2
cos2t (fc - fa )
(13)
Carrier
mEcm
2
cos2t (fc + fa ) +
Upper Sideband
mEcm
2
cos2t (fc - fa )
Lower Sideband
(8)
t0
(a) Carrier Component ( fc )
e = Ecm sin 2fct
mEcm
2
cos2t (fc - fa )
mEcm
cos2t (fc + fa )
2
mEcm
+
cos2t (fc - fa )
2
t+90
t+540
t+720
1 KHz
2 KHz
99 KHz
Figure 12.
100 KHz
101 KHz
200 KHz
Sideband Phase
+
Figure 13.
-Y
90
180
270
360
e1=E1m sin (t + 30 )
E1
e2=E2m sin (t + 60 )
60
30
e3=E3m sin (t 30 )
-X
X
-30
-Y
E3
E3
E2
30
-30
60
0
90
180
270
360
e1=E1m sin (t + 30 )
30
X
E1
e2=E2m sin (t + 60 )
- 60
e3=E3m sin (t 30 )
E3
-Y
E1
E3
E2
- 60
30
90
180
270
360
-X
e1=E1m sin t
E3
E4
e2=E2m sin (t + 60 )
E2
30
120
e3=E3m cos t
90
e4=E4m cos (t + 30 )
60
sin
+ sin
E1
cos
Y
E 3 E2
E4
E1
60
90
120
270
90
180
270
360
Y
+ cos
sin
+ sin
cos
e1=E1m sin (t + 20 )
E6
e2=E2m -sin ( t + 20 )
+30
- 45
E3
e3=E3m cos (t 45 )
E1
e4=E4m -cos (t 45 )
e5=E5m -cos (t + 30 )
e6=E6m cos (t + 30 )
+20
sin
+ sin
X
+20
E2
E4
- 45
+30
E5
cosine
mEcm
2
cos2t (fc + fa ) +
mEcm
2
cos2t (fc - fa )
Carrier Phasor
c
Ecm
Ecm
c + m
LSB
Ecm
USB
LSB
(a)
LSB
C
USB
USB
C
USB
USB
C
LSB
45
USB
C
LSB
90
USB
C
LSB
135
LSB
LSB
LSB
180
USB
225
LSB
C
USB
270
USB
315
360
U+L
C
0
-C
-(U-L)
(b)
LSB
C
USB LSB
C
USB
USB
LSB
C
USB
C
LSB
USB
LSB
C
USB
LSB
LSB
USB
LSB
USB
c
b
a
1 Cycle of Audio
d
i
f
h
g
360
1000 Cycle of Carrier
L
L
U
U
U
(a) At Zero Degrees
(b) At 45
(125 RF Cycles)
(c) At 90
(250 RF Cycles)
L
Ecm
U
U
(d) At 135
(375 RF Cycles)
(e) At 180
(500 RF Cycles)
L
(f) At 225
(625 RF Cycles)
L
L
U
U
(g) At 270
(750 RF Cycles)
(h) At 315
(875 RF Cycles)
U
(i) At 360
(1000 RF Cycles)
i = Im sin t
Em sin t or Im sin t
TIME
P=EI
P = ( Em sin t ) ( Im sin t )
(14)
EmIm
2
EmIm cos 2t
(15)
Em Im
2
E m Im
- Em Im cos2t
2
2
E m Im
Em Im
2
0
-Em Im
Em Im cos2t
TIME
Em sin t or Im sin t
EmIm
(16)
Example 1.
Given the rms values of current and voltage where E = 65 volts
and I = 2.6 amperes, compute the average power, effective power and
the maximum instantaneous power.
=
=
=
3. Peak Power
4. Peak Power
EmIm
2
Em
2
EmIm
= 2 x Effective power
=
Em 2
R
Em 2
5. Effective Power
Im
=
=
R
2
Em 2
2R
mEcm
2
mEcm
2
(17)
Carrier Power
Pc =
Pc =
Pc =
Pc =
Ec2
R
(Ecm x .707) 2
(18)
R
(Ecm 2 x .5)
R
Ecm 2
2R
(19)
e = Ecm sin ct
mEcm
2
mEcm
2
(17)
Sideband Power
PU =
PU =
PU =
PU =
EU2
R
(EUm x .707) 2
(20)
R
(EUm 2 x .5)
R
EUm 2
2R
(21)
PU =
2
2R
Esm 2
8R
(22)
PU =
(mEcm )2
8R
(m )2 (Ecm )2
8R
(23)
(24)
Ps = 2 x (PU )
Ps = 2
Ps =
Ps =
8R
8R
Ps = 2 x (PU )
Ps = 2
Esm2
Esm2
m2Ecm2
8R
m2Ecm2
4R
(26)
(25)
m2
Ecm2
2R
Example 1.
A carrier component of 40 watts
and a total sideband component of 8 watts
are radiated from an antenna. What is the
modulation factor?
(27)
m2
2
Pc
(28)
Pt = Pc + Ps
= Pc +
m2
Pc
= Pc 1 +
m2
(30)
1+
a. Modulation Factor, m
b. Carrier power component, Pc
c. Total sideband power,Ps
d. Instantaneous voltage at time B
.
Pt
Pc =
Example 2.
The amplitude modulated
envelope shown is applied to a 70 ohm
resistive load. A total power of 400 watts is
developed in the load. Determine the:
(31)
2
8
B