PERIOD 2 1607 1754

APUSH - COACH TILTON ALLATOONA HIGH SCHOOL

KEY CONCEPTS
Key Concept 2.1: Europeans developed a variety of
colonization and migration patterns, influenced by different
imperial goals, cultures, and the varied North American
environments where they settled, and they competed with
each other and American Indians for resources.
Key Concept 2.2: The British colonies participated in political,
social, cultural, and economic exchanges with Great Britain
that encouraged both stronger bonds with Britain and
resistance to Britains control.

GEORGIA PERFORMANCE STANDARDS

SSUSH1 The student will describe European settlement in North
America during the 17th century.
a. Explain Virginias development; include the Virginia Company, tobacco cultivation,
relationships with Native Americans such as Powhatan, development of the House of
Burgesses, Bacons Rebellion, and the development of slavery.
b. Describe the settlement of New England; include religious reasons, relations with
Native Americans (e.g., King Phillips War), the establishment of town meetings and
development of a legislature, religious tensions that led to the founding of Rhode
Island, the half-way covenant, Salem Witch Trials, and the loss of the Massachusetts
charter and the transition to a royal colony.
c. Explain the development of the mid-Atlantic colonies; include the Dutch settlement
of New Amsterdam and subsequent English takeover, and the settlement of
Pennsylvania.
d. Explain the reasons for French settlement of Quebec.
e. Analyze the impact of location and place on colonial settlement, transportation,
and economic development; include the southern, middle, and New England colonies.

GEORGIA PERFORMANCE STANDARDS

SSUSH2 The student will trace the ways that the
economy and society of British North America developed.
a. Explain the development of mercantilism and the transAtlantic trade.
b. Describe the Middle Passage, growth of the African
population, and African-American culture.
c. Identify Benjamin Franklin as a symbol of social mobility and
individualism.
d. Explain the significance of the Great Awakening.

FOCUS QUESTIONS
What obstacles did the settlers in the Chesapeake overcome?
How did Virginia and Maryland develop in their early years?
What made the English settlement of New England distinctive?
What were the main sources of discord in early New England?
How did the English Civil War affect the colonies in America?
How did African slavery differ regionally in 18 th century North America?
What were the meanings of British liberty in the 18 th century?
How did the Great Awakening challenge the religious and social structure of British
North America?
How did the Spanish and French empires develop in the 18 th century?
What was the impact of the Seven Years War on imperial and Indian-white relations?

OUTLINE

SETTLING THE CHESAPEAKE THE JAMESTOWN COLONY

Early, Jamestowns survival was not promising.

Leadership changed repeatedly
High death rates
Supplies were inadequate
Virginia Company seeking a quick profit

No gold and silver found, like the Spanish

The first settlers:
Few farmers and laborers
Many sons of English Gentry
Would rather look for gold than farm

SETTLING THE CHESAPEAKE THE JAMESTOWN COLONY

Geographically:
Located by swamps
Mosquitos malaria
Germs from garbage being dumped into the local rivers

Disease and lack of food took a heavy toll

Original population of 104 dropped to 50
New arrivals brought the population up to 400
By 1610, Harsh Winter (Starving Time), only 65 remained
At one point, they attempted to sail back to England
Intercepted by Ships carrying supplies and a new governor convinced to return

Held together by John Smith

Military experience
Proclaimed that, He who shall not work, shall not eat

FROM COMPANY TO SOCIETY

The Virginia Company realized that they would need a
commodity and attract more settlers to survive:
In 1618, it established new policies:
Headright System: 50 acres of land for any settler that paid his own,
or anothers passage.
House of Burgesses: Replaced strict governorships with the first
elected assembly in North America
Only landowners could vote
The company and its governor could override anything adopted
Established the model that future English settlements would follow.

In 1619, a Dutch ship arrived with 20 African Slaves

POWHATAN AND POCAHONTAS

When the English arrived at Jamestown:
15000 to 25000 natives lived in many small agricultural villages
Powhatan
Forceful leader
Quickly understood the advantages of trade with the newcomers

Virginia Company instructed colonist to treat Natives kindly and try to convert
them to Christianity
The story of Pocahontas was probably a ceremony to demonstrate Powhatans
superiority and power.
When Smith returned to England, tension increased
Wars between settlers and Indians
Pocahontas was captured, converted to Christianity, and married John Rolfe
A part of the restoration of peace in 1614

THE UPRISING OF 1622

Powhatans brother saw that the English were setting up and
expanding permanent settlements, not just trading posts.
Attacked and killed of Virginias population (1200)
900 colonists organized into military bands and retaliated
Virginias policy began changing

Balance of power shifted to the English

1624, Virginia Company surrenders its charter to the King.

Became a royal colony
Governor appointed by the King
Virginia was not monitored closely Ran mostly by the local elite

A TOBACCO COLONY
King James I considered tobacco
harmful to the brain and dangerous to the lungs

Europeans enjoyed it and some believed that it had medical

benefits
It became Virginias staple crop and its substitute for gold.
Europe was hooked
Introduce to Virginia by John Rolfe (Smuggled in from south America)

Benefactors:
An emerging planter class that owned large plots of land
Colonial Governors that assigned the land to themselves and
colleagues

A TOBACCO COLONY
Inspired a new get-rich quick mentality
Frenzied scramble for land and labor
Middle of the 17th century there was a new influx of
immigrants
Took advantage of the headright system
And political connections (acquired the best plots of land)
Sons of merchants
English gentlemen with money
Lower Gentry

Became the social and political elite

A TOBACCO COLONY LABOR

Most of the century this was young, male indentured servants
Harsh work conditions
High Death Rate

Of the 120,000 immigrants that entered the Chesapeake

came as servants

Virginias society came to resemble that of Englands

Wealthy, Land Owning Gentry
Small farmers, for indentured servants that acquired land
Servants and landless former indentured servants

WOMEN AND THE FAMILY

Stable family life was lacking in Virginia
Men outnumbered women 5 to 1 for most of the 17th century
High death rates gave women more legal opportunities than
that in England

THE MARYLAND EXPERIMENT

2nd Chesapeake Colony
Tobacco dominated the economy
Established in 1632 as a proprietary colony
Def: A grant of land to a single individual
Ceciluis Calvert (A son of King Charles friend)
full, free, and absolute power
Believed that ordinary people should not mettle in government affairs
However, the charter granted colonists all privileges, franchises, and liberties of
Englishmen
Recipe for conflict

RELIGION IN MARYLAND
Calvert envisioned it as a safe-haven for Catholics
Had few economic or political prospects in England
Hoped Catholics and Protestants could live in harmony

Very similar to Virginia

Opened up more opportunities for land ownership
Servants were granted 50 acres of land once their obligation was
fulfilled

THE NEW ENGLAND WAY

The Rise of Puritanism (religious movement)
Not satisfied with the progress of the Protestant Reformation in
England
Believed that the Church of England kept too many Catholic rituals and doctrines

Called themselves: Godly or true Protestants

Rejected the idea that religious authority came through the Pope.
As the Church of England, they hated Catholics but believed that the
Church nor the nation was living up to its ideals
Believed that one should get read the bible and attend sermons
John Calvin Predestination
Success reward for stewardship
Idleness and Immoral behavior sure signs of damnation

THE NEW ENGLAND WAY

Moral Liberty
Not just ideas, but a state of mind
A zealousness in pursuing the true faith

Alienated those with differing religious views

Some became separatists (Plymouth Colony)
Abandoned the Church of England and started their own churches

Most wanted to purify the church from within

1620s and 1630s, Charles I removed Puritan ministers
They decided to emigrate
Blamed Englands problems on a corrupt society
They would establish a City Upon a Hill
Influence would flow back across the Atlantic and rescue England from decay

THE NEW ENGLAND WAY

The Pilgrims at Plymouth
The first Puritans to emigrate to America
They had already been to the Netherlands
Believing that England was doomed

Financed by investors that hope to establish a base for profitable trade

1620 Mayflower
150 settlers and crew (not all Puritans)
Blown off course (Did not land in Va., but Cape Cod)
Mayflower Compact
just and equal laws
1st written frame of Government in the United States

THE NEW ENGLAND WAY

Arrived in an area that was already decimated by disease
Six weeks before winter
Not prepared

Survived with help from Indians

Squanto Taken to Spain to be sold as a slave, Made his way to England,
Returned to find his tribe no longer existed

1621
Pilgrim invite their Indians friend for the first Thanksgiving

Survived as an independent colony until 1691

Soon overshadowed by Massachusetts Bay

THE NEW ENGLAND WAY

The Great Migration
Massachusetts Bay Colony
Chartered in 1629
Founded by merchants that wanted to further the Puritan cause as
well as profit through trade with Indians
By 1642, 21000 Puritans had settled
Most arrived as families
Few servants
Escaping Persecution
Worried about the future of England
Possibility of Economic Betterment
Population grew more rapidly than in Virginia Soon outnumbered even with

THE NEW ENGLAND WAY

The Puritan Family
Traditional English family structure
Spiritually, women were considered equal to men
Some women gained religious leadership positions
However, their responsibilities as wives and mothers came first

Government
Organized in self-governing towns
Governors were elected not appointed

COLONIAL ADVERTISEMENT ACTIVITY

GLOBAL COMPETITION AND THE EXPANSION OF ENGLANDS EMPIRE

The Mercantile System:

The government should regulate economic activity to promote
national power
Bottom Line: Export goods and stockpile gold and silver
Exports should exceed imports (Favorable Balance of Trade)

The New World became a battleground for European nations

Wealth
Power

England realized that the colonies played a major role in this.

Endless resources
Market for goods

GLOBAL COMPETITION
1651, England passed the first Navigation Act to take world
trade from the Dutch (Practiced Free Trade) (1660 and 1663)
Basically, the most valuable colonial products had to be transported
on English ships, sold in English ports (Taxed) and then re-exported to
foreign markets.
Benefactors:
Merchants
Manufacturers
Ship-Builders
Sailors
English Government
American Colonies

CONQUEST OF NEW NETHERLAND

Taken over by the English in 1664
Served as a major seaport for trade
Major commerce center
Strategic military outpost that would be used against the
French
Population 9000 in 1666 rose to over 20000 by 1685.
English laws replaced Dutch laws
Religious toleration remained

ORIGINS OF SLAVERY IN AMERICA

No European nation intended on African slaves being the bulk
of its labor force.
The demand for labor due to the rapid rise in tobacco
(Chesapeake) led planters to turn to the Trans-Atlantic
Trade.
Offered planters many advantages:
Couldnt claim protection under English common law
Term of service never expired
Did not become a population of unruly landless men

Their children were slaves (slave codes)

Skin color made it near impossible to escape into surrounding

ENGLISHMEN AND AFRICANS

English viewed alien people with disdain.
Irish
Native Americans
Africans

Referred to them as savage, pagan, and uncivilized Comparing

them to animals
Race or Racism was not a fully developed ideology in the 17 th
century
Def: the idea that one race is inherently superior

Division was based on civilization vs barbarism or Christian vs

heathen, not color or race

BACONS REBELLION, 1676

William Berkeley had run a corrupt ring with an inner-circle of wealthy
tobacco planters. (Given Land Grants and Lucrative government offices)
Poorer farmers were:
Left working as servants or moving to the frontier
Taxes were increased although demand was dropping

Bacon and his followers (Mostly former Indentured Servants) asked the
government to remove the Natives from the frontier lands and reduce
taxes.
No response from Berkeley
Bacon Responded The Rebellion
**Led to a rapid shift from IS to African slavery as the main labor force

TRANS-ATLANTIC SLAVE TRADE

THE MIDDLE PASSAGE

Voyage across the Atlantic for slaves
2nd or middle leg in the Triangular Trade
Slaves could be sold for 20 to 30 times as much in the Americas than Africa
Horrid Conditions
Crammed aboard ships as tightly as possible
The height between decks was around 18 inches (barely turn around)

Disease
1 in 5 died
Sick were thrown overboard
Crew often got sick

America
Less than 5% headed to mainland America (West Indies)
Would increase over the 17 th century

MAP QUIZ
A-Delaware
B-Pennsylvania
C-New Jersey
D-Georgia
E-Connecticut
AB-Massachusetts
AC-Maryland
AD-South Carolina
AE-New Hampshire
BC-Virginia
BD-New York
BE-North Carolina
CD-Rhode Island
A Lake Ontario
B Lake Erie
C Ohio River
D Mississippi River
E James River
AB Hudson River
AC Appalachian Mountains
A Boston
B Philadelphia
C Charleston
D Baltimore
E Savannah

AN EMPIRE OF FREEDOM
British Patriotism:
Great Britain prided itself on being the worlds most advanced and freest nation.
Home to a complex governmental structure:
Parliament representing the interest of aristocracy and merchant classes
Common Law
Common Language
Common devotion to Protestantism

France was now its main rival

Developed a large military
High taxes
Creation of the Bank of England

War with France gave Britons and Colonists a sharp sense of national identity

THE BRITISH CONSTITUTION

Central to British identity is the concept of liberty.
A British citizens unique possession
The believed that power and liberty were natural antagonists
To mediate between them:
Rule of law: representatives had consented restraints on the exercise of political
authority
Code word for: Politicians power was limited.
House of Commons, House of Lords, and King had balanced powers.

This limit on government led colonists to believe that they were a part
of the freest political system mankind had ever known

THE RIGHT TO VOTE

In many respects, politics in eighteenth century America had
more democratic quality than in Great Britain.
Voting varied from Colony to Colony
All revolved around land qualifications
So that those with an economic stake would determine the policies of
government
Between 50 and 80 percent of white men in the colonies could vote
Less than 5% of those in Britain

COLONIAL GOVERNMENTS
Salutary Neglect
England had left the colonies to govern themselves
Elites dominated colonial assemblies

The Rise of Elected Assemblies

The Governor had been the focal point of political authority
Assemblies became more and more assertive (Led by the Elites)
They argued that they should possess the same rights as the House of
Commons had in England

ENLIGHTENMENT AND GREAT

AWAKENING
Educated Americans began to be influenced by the European
Enlightenment
Philosophical movement
Scientific Method of careful investigation based on research and experiment
Religion
Authority

Colonial economic success led many to believe that religion had begun
to slip
Preoccupied with worldly affairs and material goods
Religious Revivals led by
Johnathan Edwards (Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God)
George Whitefield

GREAT AWAKENING IMPACT

Although Mostly a spiritual matter, the Great Awakening
reflected:
Social Tensions
Questioning of Authority
Inspired Criticism of aspects of colonial society

Preachers criticized commercial society

Merchants were too focused on profit and indebting society
Wealthy planters for gambling, horse racing, entertainment on
Sundays

**Encouraged people to trust their own views instead of the

established ones.

IMPERIAL RIVALS
Spanish
Florida, Part of Louisiana, Texas, New Mexico, and California

France
Canada and the Louisiana Territory
A greater rival to Great Britain in North America
Location and Power

BATTLE FOR THE CONTINENT

The Ohio Valley
Complex struggle for power
French
British
Native American Societies
Knew that battle with the
Europeans meant suicide
Played one off of another

THE SEVEN YEARS WAR

Before 1688
1. Spain
2. France
3. Dutch
4. England

18th Century
. War of Spanish Succession (Queen Annes War)
. War of Jenkins Ear
. King Georges War
1.

England

2.

France

3.

Spain

Financing these wars was costly which led to a high rate of taxing in the colonies

THE SEVEN YEARS WAR

Global struggle for power between Britain and France
Europe, West Africa, and Asia

1754
British attempted to remove French forces from forts in Western Pa.
Led by 21 Year old George Washington
Built Fort Necessity, Unable to defend it against French and Indian forces.
Had to surrender Lost 1/3 of his men
For two years, the French were in command of the war
Great Britain raised huge sums of money
Sent lots of men and naval forces
France was weak in the colonies
Eventually the British regained control and overtook the French

SEVEN YEARS WAR - AFTERMATH

Fundamentally reshaped the worlds balance of power.
Treaty of Paris 1763
France ceded Canada to Britain
Spain ceded Florida to Britain in return of Philippians and Cuba
Spain acquired Louisiana
Great Britain now controlled all lands east of the Mississippi River

Financial Cost:
Financial crisis in France that would eventually lead to the French
Revolution
** Great Britain would try to recoup money spent on the war by raising
taxes on the colonies

PONTIACS REBELLION
With the French gone, Natives now only had to worry about
the British.
France had ceded land that belonged to the natives, to the British
Who would now control the fur trade?

In 1763, Indians launched a revolt against British rule.

They attacked British forts and Killed hundreds of settlers
British forces soon launched a counter-attack
Over the next few years, tribes one by one made peace

PROCLAMATION OF 1763
Pontiacs Rebellion inspired London to issue the Proclamation
of 1763
Prohibiting colonial settlement west of the Appalachian Mountains
Banned the sale of Indian lands (from Indians) to private individuals
Had to be handled by the Government

The hope was to end frontier border conflicts.

Settlers and speculators were angry
They had hoped to take advantage of the French being gone
Ignored the new policy
Only led to further settler-Indian conflict

COLONIAL IDENTITY
Colonists emerged from the war with a heightened sense of
collective identity.
Prior to the war the colonies seldom, if ever, met about issues.
Ben Franklin Albany Plan of Union
Creation of a Grand Council with representatives from each colony
Power to Levy Taxes, deal with Indian relations, Common Defense
Rejected by the Colonies Assemblies, never sent to London for
Approval

Greater bonds were created after the war.

COLONIAL IDENTITY
Proud to be British
The colonist were never more British than they were in 1763

Video Activity from Yale Professor

Being a British American

Your task:
Outline this lecture from Dr. JoAnne Freeman
Create notes for discussion
There will be 5 questions from this lecture on the test!!
Be ready for hints!!!