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electrostatic problems
Lecture
2
2. Polarizability
1 An r n nn1 Pn (cos )
r
n 0
2 Cn r n nn1 Pn (cos )
r
n 0
1.
2.
The
are:
boundary
conditions
1 r E0 z E0 r cos
1 r a 2 r a
d1
3. 1
dr
r a
d 2
2
dr
(2.1)
(2.2)
Since is continuous across a
boundary
since the normal component of D
must be continuous at the surface (2.3)
r a of the sphere
r
n 0
n 1
2 Cn r n Pn (cos )
(2.5)
n 0
and
Bn
n
Cna
n 1
a
Bn
1 ( n +1) n+2 2nCna n 1
a
(2.6
)
(2.7)
From these equations it follows that Bn=0 and Cn=0 for all
values of n except n=1. When n=1, it can be written:
B1
E0 a C1a ,
2
a
2 B1
1 3 E0 2C1
a
Hence:
2 1 3
B1
a E0
2 2 1
31
C1
E0
21 2
2 1 a 3
1
1 E0 z
3
2 21 r
31
2
E0 z
21 2
(2.8
)
(2.9
)
Since the potential due to the external charges is given by =Eoz, it follows from (2.8) and (2.9) that the contributions '1
and '2 due to the apparent surface charges are given by:
2 1 a 3
'1
E0 z
3
2 2 1 r
2 1
'2
E0 z
2 2 1
(2.10
)
(2.11
)
The expression (2.10) is identical to that for the potential due
to an ideal dipole at the center of the sphere, surrounded by a
dielectric continuum, the dipole vector being directed along
the z-axis and given by:
11 33
22
m
a E00
(2.12
2 2 11
) 6
A spherical cavity in
Indielectric
the special case of a spherical cavity in dielectric (1=;
2=1), equation (2.13) is reduced to:
3
EC
E0
2 1
2=1
1=
(2.14
)
2 1
a E0
1
1 3
Es
E0
4
2 4
(2.17)
4 3
1 3
m a P =
a E0
3
2
(2.18)
Polarizability
a body is placed in a uniform electric field E in
When
vacuum,
vacuum caused by a fixed charge distribution, its dipole
o
10
From the dimensions of the dipole moment, [e][l], and the field
intensity, [e][l]-2, it follows that the polarizability has the
dimension of a volume. Using the above definition of the
polarizability, we conclude from equation (2.12) that a
dielectric sphere of dielectric constant and with radius a has
a polarizability:
22 111 333
m
aa E00
22
2 211
(2.20)
(2.12
)
(2.21)
11
m E 0
(2.22)
12
x j ( r j1 , r j 2 ,...., r jk ,...r js )
(2.23)
m( x ) e r
k 1
M( X ) m( x j )
j
(2.25)
13
d 2r
e
2
0 r + E
2
dt
m
(2.26)
d2
2
(
r
r'
)
(r - r' )
0
2
dt
where
e
r' =
E
2
m 0
(2.27)
(2.28)
r r' Ccos( 0t )
15
e
er' =
E
2
m 0
(2.29)
16
Occasionally, however,
through a fluctuation, it will
be acquire sufficient energy
A
to jump over the potential
B
wall separating it from B.
ebE
On the time of average,
therefore, it will stay in A as
r'
r'
long as in B, i.e. the
probability of finding it in
Fig.2.2
either A or B is 0.5.
The presence of a field E will affect this in two ways. Firstly, as
in case (1), the equilibrium position will be shifted by amount r'
which for simplicity will be assumed to be the same in A and B.
Secondly, the potential energies VA, VB of the particle in the
two equilibrium positions will be altered because its interaction
energy with the external field differs by e(bE), i.e.
(2.30)
V V e(bE )
A
17
e V / kT
pA V / kT
e
e V
A
e V / kT
, pB V / kT
e
e V
B
/ kT
(2.31)
B
/ kT
p A pB 1
ee ( bE ) / kT 1
pB p A e ( bE ) / kT
0.
e
1
(2.33
)
p A t1 12 12 ( p B p A )t1
in position A, and
pBt1 12 12 ( pB p A )t1
eb( p B p A )
(2.34
)
Hence, if is the angle between b and E, the projection of the
induced moment into the field direction is, using (2.34) and
(2.33) given by
1
eebEcos / kT 1
(2.35
eb cos ebEcos / kT
0.
)
2
e
1
In most cases it is permissible to
assume
ebE kT
(2.36
)
19
10
kT
1.38 1016 300
1
( eb ) 2 cos2
2
E er'
kT
(2.37
)
where er' is a term similar to those considered in case (1)
which has been added to account for the elastic displacement.
Often two charges +e and -e are strongly bound, forming an
electric dipole =ea, where a is the distance between them.
The above case (2) then leads to the same as that of a dipole
having two equilibrium positions with opposite dipole
direction, but with equal energy in the absence of a field. 20
- ( E )
12 eb
(2.39
)
Actually putting an immobile charge -e halfway between A
and B turns case (2) into the present case. Clearly the
induced moment must be the same for both cases because
the charge -e is immobile, and its distance from A and B is 1/2
b, leading to a dipole . Introducing (2.39) into (2.37) yields
for the induced moment
2 cos 2in the field direction
(2.40
E er '
kT
)
In contrast to case (1) the electric moment (orientation
polarization) now depends on temperature. A matter
consisting of a great number of such dipoles will have a
temperature-dependent dielectric permittivity in contrast21
to a
22
total electric field at the position of the particle minus the field
due to the particle itself. The calculation of Ei is one of the
important problems associated with the theory of dielectrics.
This calculation can be executed both in the continuum
approach for the environment of the molecule and with the
The
help orientation
of statistical polarization
mechanics. can be written as:
P N k k
k
(2.42
)
25
W - E d Ed cos
(2.43
)
cos
cose
0
E d cos
kT
E d cos
kT
1
sin d
2
1
sin d
2
1
a
x
e
xdx
a
a
x
e
dx
1 [ xe x e x ] aa ea e a 1
1
cot
anha
L(a ),
x a
a
a
a [e ] a
e e
a
a
where
(2.44
)
L(a) is called Langeven function
E cos
d
x and
kT
E
d a
kT
Fig.2.3
y
y=1/3 a
1.0
1.0
y=1
y=1
0.8
0.8
y=L(
y=L( aa))
0.6
0.6
0.4
0.4
0.2
0.2
0.0
0.0
00
11
22
33
44
aa
55
66
77
88
27
For a value of smaller than the large value of 4D, the value
calculated for Ed is even larger. In usual dielectric
measurements, Ed is much smaller than 105 v/cm and the use
of
(2.45)
is allowed.
From
equation
(2.45) it follows that:
2
cos
Ed
3kT
(2.46
)
2
P N k
( Ed ) k
k
(2.47
)
28
11
EE==PP PP
44
(2.48
)
k2
1
E = N k k ( Ei ) k
( Ed )k
4
3kT
k
(2.49
)
29
1
E = N k k ( Ei ) k
k
4
(2.50
)
In this case, only the relation between the internal field and
the Maxwell field has to be determined.
Let us use the Lorentz approach in this case. He calculated
the internal field in homogeneously polarized matter as the
field in a virtual spherical cavity.
The field in such a cavity differs from the field in a real cavity,
given by (2.14), because in the latter case the polarization
adjusts itself to the presence of the cavity.
Therefore the polarization in the environment of a real cavity
is not homogeneous,
(2.14
C
0whereas the polarization in the
environment of a virtual cavity remains homogeneous. ) 30
3
E
E
2 1
)
According to Coulomb's law,
law a charge element de to the field
component in the direction of the external field , given by:
31
de
dE 2 cos
r
(2.52
)
E sph
4
P 2 sin cos d
P
3
0
2
(2.53
)
2
EL
E
3
(2.54)
1 4
2 3
N
k
(2.55)
1 4
N
2
3
(2.56)
1 M
[ P]
2 d
(2.57)
1 4
k N k k
2 3
(2.59)
33
n2 1 4
e
k k k
2
n 2 3
(2.60)
34