ERT 216

HEAT & MASS

TRANSFER
Sem 2/ 2011-2012
Prepared by;
Miss Mismisuraya Meor Ahmad
School of Bioprocess Engineering
University Malaysia Perlis

Conduction
1)Steady state conduction- One
dimension
2)Steady state conduction- Multiple
dimension
3)Unsteady state conduction

Steady State
ConductionOne Dimension
(1D)

Point of view
Application of Fouriers law of heat conduction
to calculation of heat flow in simple 1D system
(1) Plane Wall
(2) Cylinders
(3) Spherical Radial Systems

1D The temp. in the body is a function only of

radial distance and independent of azimuth
angle/ axial distance

(1) The Plane Wall

Integrated Fouriers law
# If k varies with temp. according linear relation
, the heat flow become;

# If 3 material (multilayer wall) involved, heat flow become;

Note: The heat flow must be SAME through all section

Electrical analog circuit

# The heat flow rate also can be represented as resistance

network;

(Different conceptual view point for Fouriers law)

 Thermal resistance (C/W)

Consider Heat transfer rate as flow and combination

of
as a resistance to this flow. The temp. is the
potential function of the heat flow. So that, the
Fourier equation may be written as:

3 wall side by side act as 3 thermal resistance in

series
Electrical analog circuit: used to solve more complex

Electrical analog circuit

Parallel
Series

Insulation & R value

The performance of insulation R value, define
as
Guide to choose insulating material in terms of
their application and allowable temperature
range

(2) Cylinders

From Fouriers Law

Integrate this with the
boundary conditions

The heat flow rate

(2) Cylinders

Thermal resistant for cylinder is

(2) Cylinders
Multiple cylindrical sections

Thermal-resistance concept for multiple-layer cylindrical walls

= Thermal-resistance concept for plane wall
So that,
the heat flow rate

(3) Spheres
The heat flow rate

Prove this equation!!

Convection Boundary Conditions

Newton rate equation
/Newtons Law of cooling

So that, an electric-resistance analogy for convection

process become:

Example 1:
(Multilayer plane wall
conduction)
An exterior wall of a house may be approximated by a
4-in layer of common brick (k= 0.7 W/m.C) followed by
a 1.5-in layer of gypsum plaster (k=0.48 W/m.C). What
thickness of loosely packed rock wool insulation
(k=0.065 W/m.C) should be added to reduce the heat
loss (or gain) through the wall by 80%?

Answer: xinsulation= 0.0584 m

Example 2:
(Multilayer Cylindrical System)
A thick-walled tube of stainless steel [18% Cr, 8% Ni, k=19
W/m.C ] with 2 cm inner diameter (ID) and 4 cm outer
diameter (OD) is covered with a 3 cm layer of asbestos
insulation [k=0.2 W/m.C ]. If the inside wall temperature of
the pipe is maintained at 600 C, calculate the heat loss per
meter of length. Also calculate the tube-insulation interface
temperature.

Answer: Tinsulation= 596.05 C

The Overall Heat Transfer

Coefficient, U
Consider:
Plane wall expose to a hot fluid A on 1 side and
a cooler fluid B on the other side

So that, the heat

flow is express by

The overall hate transfer rate become;

Overall temp. difference
The sum of the thermal resistances

The Overall Heat Transfer

Coefficient, U
1/ h A represent the convection resistance;
x/ k A represent the conduction resistance

The overall heat transfer (conduction + convection) can be expressed in term

of an overall heat transfer coefficient, U defined by relation:
A: Area for the heat flow

The Overall Heat Transfer Coefficient

U also related to the R-value:

Where,

The Overall Heat Transfer

Coefficient,
U
Consider:
Hollow cylinder exposed to a convection
environment on its inner and outer surfaces with TA
and TB the two fluid temp. The area for convection is
not same for both liquids (depend on the inside tube
diameter and wall thickness

The overall hate transfer rate become;

Overall temp. difference
The sum of the thermal resistances

The Overall Heat Transfer

Coefficient, U
Ai & Ao: Inside & outside
surface areas of the inner tube

The Overall Heat Transfer Coefficient (Hollow cylinder)

based on:
1) Inside area of the tube Ai

2) Outside area of the tube, Ao

The Overall Heat Transfer

Coefficient, U
The general notion (plane wall or cylinder coordinate system)
is that;

Rth Thermal resistance

Info
Some typical value of U for heat exchanger are given in table.
Some value of U for common types of building construction
system also given in table and employed for calculation involving
the heating and cooling buildings.

Example 3
A house wall may be approximated as two 1.2 cm
layers of fiber insulating board, an 8.0 cm layer of
loosely packed asbestos, and a 10 cm layer of common
brick. Assuming convection heat transfer coefficient of
12 W/m2. C on both sides of the wall, calculate the
overall heat transfer coefficient for this arrangement.

Answer: U= 0.6221 W/m2. C

Example 4
A wall is constructed of a section of stainless steel
[k=16 W/m. C] 4.0 mm thick with identical layers of
plastic on both sides of the steel. The overall heat
transfer coefficient, considering convection on both
sides of the plastic, is 120 W/m2.C. If the overall temp.
different across the arrangement is 60 C, calculated
the temperature difference across the stainless steel.
Answer: Tss= 18 C

Critical Thickness of
Insulation
Consider:
A layer of insulation which might be installed around
a circular pipe. The inner temp. of the insulation is
fixed at Ti and the outer surface is exposed to a
convection environment at T.

The heat transfer in the thermal

network term

Critical Thickness of
Insulation
Manipulated this equation to determine the outer radius of insulation, ro, which
will maximize the heat transfer. The maximization condition is
:

The result is

(The critical-radius-of
insulation concept)

Critical Thickness of
Insulation
The critical-radius-of insulation
concept
Concept
1) If ro < critical radius value,

means:

The heat transfer will be increased by adding more insulation thickness

2) If ro > critical radius value,

means:

The heat transfer will be decrease by adding more insulation thickness

Example 5
A 1.0 mm diameter wire is maintained at a temp. of
400 C and exposed to a convection environment at
40 C with h= 120 W/m2. C. Calculated the thermal
conductivity that will just cause an insulation
thickness of 0.2 mm to produce a critical radius.
Answer: k= 0.084 W/m.C

Assignment 2
Book: J.P. Holman
1)2-1
2)2.2
3)2-5
4)2-6
5)2-7
6)2-8
7)2-9
8)2-17 and 2-18
9)2-26
10)2-62

Tutorial 1

Book: J.P. Holman

1)2-4
2)2-13
3)2-19
4)2-20
5)2-21
6) 2-22
7) 2-23
8) 2-27
9)2-31
10) 2-60

Heat Source Systems

Situation:
The system generated heat internally. Confine
our discussion to 1D system (the temp. is a
function of only 1 space coordinate) which is:
1)Plane Wall
2)Cylinder
3)Hollow Cylinder

1) Plane wall with heat

sources
Consider:
The plane wall with uniformly distributed heat sources.
The thickness of the wall in the x direction is 2 L
Assumed:
1)The heat flow as 1D
2)The heat generated per unit volume is
3)Thermal conductivity, k does not vary with temp.

From steady-state 1D heat flow with heat sources

For the boundary conditions

(The temp. on either side of the wall)

Integrated

* equation with the boundary condition. So, the general solution become;

1) Plane wall with heat

sources
General solution

C1 = 0 Because the temp. must be the SAME on each side of the wall.
C2 = T0 The temp. T0 at the midplane (x=0)
The solution obtain the temp. distribution
OR

Parabolic
distribution
OR

1) Plane wall with heat

sources
Midplane temp. T0 ??

(Obtained through an energy balance)

At steady state conditions:

The total heat generated = The heat lost at the faces

From parabolic
distribution :

So that

Differenced to get the temp. gradient at

the wall, dT/dx

1) Plane wall with heat sources

Simplify steady state condition become

Midplane temp. T0

The same result for midplane temp. could be obtain by substituting

into this equation (The temp. distribution):

2) Cylinder with heat sources

Consider:
Cylinder radius, R with uniformly distributed heat sources and constant thermal
conductivity.
Assumed:
The cylinder is sufficiently long so that the temp. as function of radius only.
The appropriate differential equation obtained by neglecting the axial, azimuth
and time dependent term
From steady-state 1D heat flow in
cylinder coordinates with heat sources

For the 1st boundary conditions

At steady state conditions:

The total heat generated = The heat lost at the surface

2) Cylinder with heat sources

2nd boundary conditions
(The temp. function must
be continuous at the
centre of the cylinder), so
could specify that
From steady-state 1D heat flow
in cylinder coordinates with heat
sources

Rewrite

Note that :

Substitute:

Integrated

2) Cylinder with heat sources

**
*
Integration yield
and
From 2nd boundary condition

*
Thus,

From 1st boundary condition

**
Thus,

The final solution for the temp. distribution is then

(substitute C1 & C2)

Or
Dimensionless form

2) Cylinder with heat sources

The final solution for the temp. distribution is then
(substitute C1 & C2)

Where T0 is the temperature at r = 0. So, the temp. distribution become:

3) Hollow cylinder with heat

sources
For hollow cylinder with uniformly distributed heat sources, the boundary condition
would be

The general solution same with cylinder

Used boundary condition to get C1 and C2

Where the constant, C1 given by

Basic steps involved in the solution of heat transfer problems

Thermal Contact Resistance

Situation:
2 solid bars brought into contact, with the sides of the bars insulated so that
heat flow only in the axial direction. The material may have different thermal
conductivities, but if the side are insulated, the heat flux must be the same
through both materials under steady-state conditions.
The temp. drop at plane 2 (the contact
plane between 2 material) because of
Thermal Contact Resistance

An energy balance on the 2 materials:

Thermal Contact Resistance

Where,
Thermal Contact Resistance
This factor extremely important in a
no. of application because of the
many heat transfer situations involve
mechanical joining of 2 materials.

Contact Coefficient

Thermal Contact Resistance

Physical mechanism
Examining a joint in more detail

Concept:
No real surface is perfectly smooth and actual surface roughness is believed to play a
central role in determining the contact resistance.

There are 2 principle contributions to the heat transfer at the joint:

1) The solid-to-solid conduction at the spots of contact
2) The conduction through entrapped gases in the void space created by the contact

2nd factor is believed to represent the major resistance to

heat flow because thermal conductivity of the gas is quite
small compare of solid

Thermal Contact Resistance

So, designating the contact area, AC and the void area, AV, the Heat

across the joint may write as:

: Thickness of the void space

: Thermal conductivity of the fluid which fills the void space
: Total cross-sectional area of the bars

Contact Coefficient

Flow

Assignment 3
Book: J.P. Holman
1)2-30
2)2-55
3)2-117

Tutorial 2
Book: J.P. Holman
1)2-44
2)2-45
3)2-46