DATA COLLECTION

Methods of Data Collection

1.

DIRECT or INTERVIEW METHOD

2.

INDIRECT or QUESTIONNAIRE METHOD

3.

REGISTRATION METHOD

4.

OBSERVATION METHOD

5.

EXPERIMENT METHOD

DIRECT or INTERVIEW
Use at least two (2) persons an INTERVIEWER & an
INTERVIEWEE/S exchanging information.

Gives us precise & consistent information because

clarifications can be made.

Questions not fully understood by the respondent, may be

repeated until it suits the interviewees level.

Time consuming

Expensive

Limited coverage

INDIRECT or QUESTIONNAIRE
This is a method where written answers are given to
prepared questions.
Compared to the Direct method, this requires less time
It is inexpensive since the questionnaires can simply be
mailed or hand-carried.
Gives the respondent a sense of freedom in honesty
answering the questions because of secrecy.

REGISTRATION METHOD
This is a method enforced by certain laws.
Examples:

Registration of birth

Registration of marriage

Registration of death

OBSERVATION
This is a method which observes the behavior,
characteristic, reaction, interaction of individuals or
organizations in the study.

Observe: To notice using a full range of appropriate

senses. To see, hear, feel, taste, and smell

This is also used when the respondents cannot read

nor write.

EXPERIMENT
This method is used when the objective of the study is
to determine the cause and effect of certain
phenomena or event.

Characteristics Of
A Good Question
1.

A good question is unbiased.

Must not be worded in a manner that will

influence the respondent to answer in a certain
way, that is to favor a certain response or to be
against it.

An unbiased question is stated in neutral

language and has no element of pressure.

Characteristics Of
A Good Question
Examples of unbiased questions:

Do you watch Korean Novelas?

Do you like classical music?

Are you in favor of legalizing divorce in the

Philippines?

Characteristics Of
A Good Question
Examples of biased questions:

Do you watch corny Korean Novelas?

Do you like boring classical music?

Are you in favor of destroying the sanctity of marriage by

legalizing divorce in the Philippines?

Characteristics Of
A Good Question
2.

A good question must be clear and

simply stated.

This is to makes your question easier to

understand and

More likely to be answered truthfully.

Characteristics Of
A Good Question
Examples of simple and clear questions:

What is your average grade last semester?

How many units are you enrolled in this semester?

Characteristics Of
A Good Question
Examples of NOT so simple and clear questions:

What is your academic performance last semester?

How heavy is your academic load this semester?

Characteristics Of
A Good Question
3.

A good question must be precise.

Questions must not be vague.

It should indicate clearly the manner how the

answers must be given.

Characteristics Of
A Good Question
Examples of precise questions:

In terms of mathematical ability, do you think male and

female are equal?

Did the restaurant staff smiled while taking your order?

Characteristics Of
A Good Question
Examples of vague questions:

Do you think male and female are equal?

Was the restaurant staff friendly?

Characteristics Of
A Good Question
4.

Good questionnaires lend themselves to

easy analyses.

Two (2) Categories

of Survey Questions
1.

OPEN QUESTION

An open question allows a free response.

Examples:

What are the things you consider before buying a

cellphone?

What do you think can be done to reduce the volume

of plastic bags waste in Cavite?

Two (2) Categories

of Survey Questions
2.

CLOSED QUESTION

A closed question allows only a fixed response.

Examples:

What is the first factor you consider before buying a

cellphone? Choose only one.
a. Price
b. Brand
c. Features

Types of Data
1.

2.

PRIMARY DATA

Are information collected from an original source of

data, which is first-hand in nature.

Examples are data collected from interviews and

surveys.

SECONDARY DATA

Are information collected from published or

unpublished sources like books, newspapers,
journals, theses.

Four (4) Important Points To

Consider in Collecting Data

If measurement of some characteristic from people (such as height,

weight) are being obtained, better results will be achieved if the
researcher does the measuring instead of asking the respondent for
the value.

The method of data collection used may expedite or delay the process.
Avoid a medium that would produce low response rates.

Ensure that the sample size is large enough for the required purposes.

Ensure that the method used to collect data actually results in a

sample that is representative of the population.

Write G, if the question or statement is a good one

(unbiased, simple, clear, precise & easy to analyze); B if
it is not good and then RE-WRITE it to make it good.

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Do you approve of the Presidents oppressive

immigration policy?
When was the last time you upgraded your computer
and printer?
What is your mass measure in metric units?
Do you love nature?
Most people feel that smoking is bad for ones health.
Do you agree? Yes or no?

6.

Do you like the texture and flavor of the snack?

7.

What mobile phone brand are you currently using?

Nokia

Samsung

Apple/Iphone

Motorola

MyPhone

8.

How much money do you burn on cigarettes per week?

9.

How much did you spend last year on life insurance?

10.

How do you feel about the new cafeteria lunch menu

compared to the old one?

Sampling
Sampling is the process of selecting samples from a
population of interest in order to study and fairly generalize
the results back to the population from which the sample was
chosen.

Advantages of Sampling
Reduced

Cost (The cost of studying all the

items in a population).

Greater

Scope (The time-consuming aspect of

contacting the whole population).

Greater

Speed (The physical impossibility of

checking all items in the population).

Greater

Accuracy (The adequacy of sample

results in most cases).

Some Definitions
Target Population is the entire group a researcher is
interested in.
Sampled Population is the collection of elements from
which the sample is actually taken. In the ideal case, it
should coincide with the target population.

Some Definitions
The frame Before selecting the sample, the
population must be divided into parts (sampling units
or units)
Population frame is a listing of all individual units in
the population.
Sampling frame is a listing of sampling units.

Types of Sampling Techniques

Probability Sampling method is any method of sampling
that utilizes some form of random selection. Samples are
chosen in such a way that each member of the population
has a known though not necessarily equal chance of being
included in the samples.
Random

Selection is performed by selecting a group

of subjects (a sample) for study from a large group
(population).

Types of Sampling Techniques

ADVANTAGES OF PROBABILITY SAMPLING
1.

It avoids biases.

2.

It provides basis for calculating the margin of error.

Types of Sampling Techniques

Non-Probability Sampling method does not involve
random selection of samples. Each member of the
population does not have a known chance of being
included in the sample. Instead, personal judgement
plays a very important role in the selection.

Types Probability Sampling

SIMPLE RANDOM SAMPLING: Samples are chosen at
random with members of the population having known or
sometimes equal probability or chance of being included in
the samples.
a)

Lottery

b)

Sampling with the use of Table of Random

Numbers

Types Probability Sampling

SYSTEMATIC RANDOM SAMPLING: Samples are
randomly chosen following certain rules set by the
researchers. The items or individuals of the population are
arranged in some order. A random starting point is selected
and then every kth member of the population is selected for
the sample.

Types Probability Sampling

Types Probability Sampling

CLUSTER SAMPLING: Cluster sampling is
sometimes called area sampling because it is usually
applied when the population is large. Groups or clusters
instead of individuals are randomly chosen.

Types Non Probability Sampling

ACCIDENTAL, HAPHAZARD OR CONVENIENCE
SAMPLING : One of the most common methods, which is
primarily based on the convenience of the researcher. In
other words, get what you can without a lot of hassle.

Types Non Probability Sampling

PURPOSIVE SAMPLING
samples

are taken with a purpose in mind.

very

useful for situations where a target sample

needs to be reached quickly and where sampling for
proportionality is not the primary concern.

convenience

sampling but choosing the respondents

on the basis of predetermined criteria set by the
researcher.

Types Non Probability Sampling

SUB CATEGORIES OF PURPOSIVE SAMPLING

MODAL

INSTANCE SAMPLING

sampling

for specific groups or types of people wherein

sampling the most frequent case, or the typical case is
sought for.

commonly
EXPERT

used in informal public opinion polls.

SAMPLING

involves

the assembling of a sample of persons with known

or demonstrable experience and expertise in some area.

Types Non Probability Sampling

SUB CATEGORIES OF PURPOSIVE SAMPLING

QUOTA

SAMPLING

respondents

are selected non-randomly according to

some fixed quota.

TYPES

OF QUOTA SAMPLING

Proportional

Quota Sampling convenience sampling,

except you want subgroups represented in same
proportions they are in the target population.

Non-proportional

Quota Sampling convenience

sampling, except you have specified (nonproportionally)
how many subjects you want in each subgroup.

Types Non Probability Sampling

SUB CATEGORIES OF PURPOSIVE SAMPLING

HETEROGENEITY

SAMPLING

you

want to have adequate numbers of people in each of

two or more groups with disparate opinions where
proportionately is not of major importance.

SNOWBALL
the

SAMPLING

process starts by identifying someone who meets the

criteria for inclusion in the study. The respondent is then
asked to recommend others whom they may know who
also meet the criteria.