Chapter 2

BLOOD CIRCULATION
AND TRANSPORT

Blood Circulatory System

1.
2.
3.

The transport system in humans is called

the blood circulatory system
It is made up of : a) the heart b) a network
of blood vessels c) blood
Function of the blood circulatory system
a) transport oxygen to all body cells and
remove carbon dioxide from them.
b) transport excretory products such as
carbon dioxide and urea for excretion
c) transport hormones and antibodies to
and from all cells in the body.

Structure Of The Heart

Right side contains
deoxygenated blood

Left side - contains

oxygenated blood

1. The heart is a muscular organ that

contracts and relaxes continually, to
pump blood to all parts of the body.
2. The heart has 4 chambers:
i.Right atrium
ii.Left atrium
iii.Right ventricle
iv.Left ventricle
3. The valves allow blood flow in one
Bicuspid
direction only.
Valve
4. The left ventricle is the largest
chamber with the thickest and most
muscular walls because it has to
pump blood to all parts of the body
except the lungs.

Type Of Blood Vessel

Function

Vena cava

Transport deoxgenated blood from all parts

of the body to the right atrium of the heart

Pulmonary artery

Transport deoxgenated blood from the

heart to the lungs

Pulmonary vein

Transport oxgenated blood from the lungs

to the heart

Aorta

Transport oxgenated blood from the heart

to all parts of the body

*The heart has valves to prevent blood from flowing backwards

(a) The bicuspid valve: directs blood from left atrium to left ventricle
(b) The tricuspid valve: directs blood from right atrium to
right ventricle
(c) The semilunar valve: situated at the beginning of pulmonary
artery, prevents blood from flowing backwards into the heart.

Blood Circulation
The human circulatory system
is a closed system because all the blood vessels are
linked together.
is a double circulatory system. The blood in the body
is pumped twice through the heart.
can be divided into two parts:
(i) The pulmonary circulation transports blood
between the heart and the lungs.
(ii) The systemic circulation transports blood
between the heart and all other parts of the body
except the lungs.

Double Circulation System

Blood vessels
transport
blood from
the lungs to
the heart and
vice versa.

Blood vessels
transport
blood from
the heart to
all parts of the
bodyexcept
the lungs and
back to the
heart again.

Forms about 55% of the volume of blood

A pale yelowish liquid

Plasma- Consists of 90% water

10% soluble substances glucose, amino acids,

mineral salts, blood proteins, waste materials and
hormones

Human
Blood

Functions as a transport medium for nutrients,

hormones and waste materials from one part of the
body to another

Red Blood Cells

Blood Cells

White Blood Cells

45% of blood

Platelets

Blood Cells
Red Blood Cells
RBC

White Blood Cells

WBC

Platelets

1. Biconcave disc

1. Have irregular shapes

1. Have irregular shape

2. No nucleus

2. Have nucleus

2. No nucleus

3. Produced in the
bone marrow

3. Produced in bone
marrow, lymph nodes
and spleen

3. Small fragments of
cells that have broken
off from larger cells in
the bone marrow

4. Destroyed in the
liver and spleen
5. Contains a pigment
called haemoglobin
which helps in the
transport of oxygen
to body cells.

4. Destroyed in the liver

and spleen
5. Protect the body
against diseases and
fight infection.

4. Destroyed in the liver

and spleen
5. Help in blood clotting
and stop bleeding

Functions Of The Blood

Protects the body against diseases

Maintains body temperature at 37oC
Acts as a medium to transport substances from one
part of the body to another
i) oxygen is transported by the red blood cells
from the lungs to body cells
ii) carbon dioxide is transported in the blood plasma
to the lungs
iii) digested food from the intestine are transported
in the blood plasma to the liver and body cells
iv) waste materials from the body cells are
transported in blood plasma to excretory organs
such as the kidneys.

To compare and contrast oxygenated and deoxygenated

blood
Oxygenated Blood

Deoxygenated Blood

High

Oxygen content

Low

High

Nutrient content

Low

Low

Carbon dioxide content

High

Bright red

Colour

Dark red

High

Blood pressure

Low

Fast

Rate of blood flow

Slow

Out of the heart

Direction of blood flow

Into the heart

Artery
(except pulmonary
artery)

Type of blood vessel

Vein
(except pulmonary
vein)

Blood Groups And Compatibility

Human

blood can be classified into four

groups,namely A, B, AB and O.
Blood Group

Can receive Can donate

blood from
blood to
group
group

A, O

A, AB

B, O

B, AB

AB (universal recipient) A, B, AB, O

O (universal donor)

AB
A, B, AB, O

Blood Groups And

Compatibility

In a blood transfusion, a donors

blood must be compatible with that
of the recipients
If the blood groups of the donor and
the recipient are not compatible,
agglutination or coagulation of blood
will occur inside the blood vessels of
the recipient and this may result in
death of the recipient.

Importance Of Blood Donation

A person needs blood transfusion when he loses a lot

of blood in an accident or surgery

Donating blood saves lives and brings no harm to the

donor.
Donors need to be 18 years and above and generally
healthy. A person can donate blood about 4 6 times a
year.
The donated blood is tested and screened for hepatitis
B and C, AIDS and other sexually transmitted diseases.
Donated blood is collected in plastic bags which
contain sodium citrate to prevent blood from
coagulating.
The blood is then stored in blood banks at 4oC.

Transport System In Plants

Transport Tissues In Plants :
The transport system in plants is made up
of xylem and phloem tissues.
They are found in the roots, stems and
leaves.
Xylem and phloem tissues form vascular
bundles
Xylem is located towards the centre
phloem is located nearer to the epidermis

Transport Tissues In Plants

VASCULAR BUNDLES

XYLEM TISSUES
Make

up of xylem vessels.

Form long hollow tubes with thick

walls.
Form the woody tissues of plants.

PHLOEM TISSUES
Make up of cells arranged in tubes
with walls separating them.
Function:
Transport food substances (glucose)

Function:

from the leaves DOWN to the stem

Transport water and dissolved

and to the roots.

mineral salts from the roots UP

through the stems and to the
leaves.
Provide support for the plant.

Wilting
A Wilting Plant

Water lost from the leaves >

water absorbed through the
roots

A Turgid Plant

Water lost from the leaves <

water absorbed through the
roots.

About 90% of the water absorbed by a plant is lost as water vapour to the enviroment.

Transpiration
Transpiration is the lost of
water in the form of water
vapour from the leaves to
the environment.

This water evaporates

through tiy pores called
stomata on the leaf
surfaces.

Stomata also allow the

exchange of gases in and
out of the leaf during
photosynthesis and
respiration.

Stomata
1. A stoma is a tiny pore between two beanshaped cells called guard cells.
2. The guard cells control the opening and
closing of the stoma.
3. Stomata are found mostly on the lower
epidermis of the leaf to prevent direct exposure
to heat from the sunlight.

During the day

intensity of light
is high

During the night

intensity of
light is low

On hot days
when lost of
water through
transpiration is
excessive

Stomata are
opened

Opening And
Closing Of
Stomata

Stomata are
closed

Stomata are
closed

Factors That Affect The Rate Of Transpiration

Higher - light stimulates

Light Intensity
-the higher the

stoma to open wide, more

water vapour is lost to the
environment

light intensity

Surrouding
Temperature
-the higher the
temperature

Air Movement
-the faster the air
movement

Higher the higher the

Rate Of
Transpiration
(the mass of water
lost per unit time)

temperature the faster the

evaporation of water
through the stomata.

Higher the wind blows

the water vapour away
from the somata faster.

Lower when the air is

Air Humidity
-the higher the
humidity

more humid, it contains

more water vapour so less
water can evaporate
through the stomata.

The Role Of Transpiration

The transpirational pull is the main

force behind the movement of water
and dissolved minerals from the roots
right up to the leaves.Water absorbed
also keeps the cells turgid so that they
can provide support to the plants.
The evaporation of water from the
leaves helps to cool down the plant.
Helps to remove excess water from
the plants.

1. The root hair takes in water and dissolved minerals from

the soil. Both water and dissolved minerals move by
osmosis from cell to cell until they reach the xylem
vessels.

Transport Of Water & Mineral Salts

3. Water moves into
the xylem vessels
in the leaf by
transpirational pull
created when
water evaporates
from the leaf cells.
2. Water and
dissolved minerals
move up the xylem
vessels in the stem
by capillary action

1. Both water and

dissolved minerals
move by osmosis
from cell to cell until
they reach the
xylem vessels.