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PROCESS Ref.book:
(N.K.Malhotra)
By
Prof. Asmatara Khan
Steps in Research:
1. Exploration of the situation.
2. Development of the research
design.
3. Data collection.
4. Analysis and interpretation of the
results.
PLANNING OF
RESEARCH:
Planning Process:
1. Selection of a problem for
research.
2. Formulation of the selected
problem.
3. Formulation of hypotheses.
4. Conceptualization.
5. Research plan or design.
2. FORMULATION OF THE
SELECTED PROBLEM:
Formulation Process:
I. Developing title: the title should be carefully
worded. It should indicate the core of the study ;
reflect the real intention of the researcher and
show on what is the focus.
Ex. Financing small-scale industries by
commercial banks.
II. Building conceptual model: On the basis of
our theoretical knowledge of the phenomenon
under study; the nature of phenomenon; its
properties/elements and their inter-relations
should be identified and structured into a
framework. This conceptual model gives an exact
3.FORMULATION OF
HYPOTHESES:
The hypotheses are tentative
propositions relating to investigative
questions.
They either describe the properties
of variables or show the relationships
between them.
They determine what facts will be
sought and what research procedure
will be used.
4.OPERATIONAL DEFINITION OF
CONCEPTS:
The formulation process is to define
operationally the concepts involved in the
title; objectives; investigative questions
and hypo.
It specify the measurement parameters of
the variables ; scales/indices are
constructed for measuring abstract
concepts.
It enable us to decide exactly the data
needs of the research.
5. RESEARCH DESIGN OR
PLAN:
A Res. Design is a logical and systematic plan
prepared for directing a res. study specifies the
objectives of the study; the methodology and
techniques to be adopted for achieving the
objectives.
It constitutes the blue print for the collection;
measurement and analysis of data.
It is the program that guide the investigator in the
process of collecting; analyzing and interpreting
observations.
It provides systematic plan of procedure for the
researcher to follow.
Q: Essentials of a good
Research design:
It should help to specifies that objectives of the
study and the hyp. To be tested.
Provide an outline that specifies the sources
and types of information relevant to the
research questions.
Provide a blueprint that specifying the methods
to be adopted for gathering and analyzing the
data.
It should able to define whether the obtained
information can be generalized to a larger
population or to different situations.
The
It is
important to point out the relevance and significance of
the investigation. As
What would be the value of the findings of the study for
policy formulation?
Can the findings contribute to the enrichment of theory
and/or to the solution of some practical problems?
Sampling Methods.
Basic Terms:
Population:In statistical usage the
term population is applied to any
finite or infinite collection of
individuals.
The aggregate of all the elements;
sharing some common set of
characteristics; that comprises the
universe for the purpose of any
research problem.
Census:
A complete enumeration of the elements of a
population or study object or groups at a point
in time with respect to well-defined
characteristics such as population; production;
traffic on particular roads etc.
Sample:
A part of a population; or a
subset from a set of units; which is provided by
some process or other; usually by deliberate
selection with the object of investigating the
properties of the parent population or set.
Sample Survey:
A survey which is carried out using a sampling
method; ie. in which a portion only; and not the
whole population; is surveyed.
Sampling Unit :
Q: SAMPLING METHODS
1. Random sampling/ probability sampling.
2. Non-random sampling/non-prob.
sampling.
2.NON- RANDOM
SAMPLING
a. Judgment sampling
b. Quota sampling
c. Convenience sampling
d. Snowball sampling
i) lottery method:
In this method ;each unit of the
population is numbered and shown
on a chit of a paper or disc.
The chits are folded and put in a box
from which a sample of the requisite
size is to be drawn.
b. Systematic sampling:
It is simpler than the earlier one. First
sampling fraction is calculated .
d. Multistage sampling:
It refers to a sampling procedure ; which is carried out in
several stages.
Suppose we want to take a sample of 5000 households
from the state of Maharashtra.
In such case ; the first stage sample may involve the
selection of districts; suppose 32 districts out of say 25
districts are selected.
The second stage may involve the selection of cities say
5 cities from each district.
Finally 50 households from each selected city may be
chosen.
2.Non-random sampling
Methods:
a .Judgemental sampling : A form of
convenience sampling in which the population
elements are purposely selected based on the
judgement of the researcher.
The researcher; exercising judgment or expertise;
choose the elements to be included in the
sample; because he or she believes that they are
representative of the population of interest.
Ex. Test markets selected to determine the
potential of a new product.
Experts witness used in court; etc.
b. Quota sampling:
It is a type of judgment sampling . In this
quotas are set up according to given criteria;
but within the quotas the selection of sample
items depends on personal judgment.
Ex. Out of every 100 persons to be
interviewed ; 60 are to be housewives;
25 farmers ; 15 children.
Within the quota the interviewer can
select any people from the area
concerned.
c. Convenience
Sampling:
It is also known as Accidental Sampling.
This is also called Chunk.
A Chunk is a fraction of one population
taken for investigation because of its
convenient availability.
A sample obtained from readily available
lists ; such as telephone directories;
automobile registration is a convenience
sample.
d. Snowball Sampling:
A non probability sampling technique in
which an initial group of respondents is
selected randomly.
Subsequent respondents are selected based
on the referrals or information provided by
the initial respondents.
This process my be carried out in waves by
obtaining referrence from referrals.
Ex. It is used in industrial buyer-seller
research to identify buyer-seller pairs.
Sampling Error:
That part of the difference between a
population value and an estimate
thereof; derived from a random
sample; which is due to the fact that
only a sample of values are
observed; as distinct from errors due
to imperfect selection; bias in
response or estimation; errors of
observation and recording etc.