COO4 Embryologie - 2013 English

5B101 Hoofdlijnen Functionele Morfologie / COO 4
Embryologie
Fertilization to
organogenesis
Phrenic nerve
length
Heart and foetal
circulation
Abdominal aorta
systemics
Development of
the peritoneum
Body wall
development
Development of
the urogenital
system
Left-right
differences
e-Learning Brazilian students:

Embryology
Background
INSTRUCTIONS
The goals of this embryology eLearning are to understand the human
body as it has become in adults. Also,
you will understand how some
anatomical pathology can occur
during development.
You might notice that some pieces of
text are still in Dutch. This module is
originally written in Dutch, but
translated in English afterwards. If you
have any questions concerning the
translations, do not hesitate to e-mail:
You can walk through this e-Learning

from the start to the end by the
buttons in the lower left corner. Also,
you can use the index on the left side
to navigate through this module. You
can not use the keyboard during
this e-Learning.
This is an interactive exercise there
will be a lot of questions that give you
feedback immediately after
answering.
A total of 31 questions will take you
approximately 1,5 hours to complete.
Nick.kruijt@radboudumc.nl
PRODUCT
You can look up the answers in
Larsens embryology.
Good luck!
Background
principles
Before you begin, do not forget to start the

presentation by pressing F5
1

Embryologie
Fertilization to
organogenesis
Fertilization to
organogenesis
After the ovulation, fertilization and the

migration of the fertilized egg towards
the uterus, the blsatocyst starts to
implantate in the uterine wall.
Phrenic nerve
length
Heart and foetal
circulation
Abdominal aorta
systemics
Question 1: When is the implantation

in the uterine wall complete?
Development of
the peritoneum
Body wall
development
Development of
the urogenital
system
Left-right
differences
Background
principles
Figure 1: Implantation. Marked in yellow are the

normal sites of implantation in the uterine wall.
The magnified image is an implanting
blastocyst.
a)
At the end of the first
week
b)
At the end of the
second week
c)
At the end of the third
week
d)
At the end of the fourth
week
a)
This is not correct.
Try again
b) Correct! At the end of week two, the
implantation is complete and several
tissues have been formed.
c)
Try
again
d)
Try again

Embryologie
Germ disk (1)

Where do organs originate
from?
Fertilization to
organogenesis
Phrenic nerve
length
The embryo originates from the germ

disk
Heart and foetal

circulation
Abdominal aorta
systemics
Question 2. Click on the germ disk in the

image on the left side.
Development of
the peritoneum
Exactly! The germ disk is the flat layer

between the amniotic cavity (in blue)
and the yolk sac (in yellow).
Body wall
development
Development of
the urogenital
system
Left-right
differences
To create an overview of where the

embryo is going to develop, in the
image on the left side you will find a
picture of the tissues and cavities at the
start of the third week.
That is not correct, try again

Figure 2: Situation 15 days after
feritilization, implantation in the uterine
wall is complete.
Amniotic cavity
Germ disk
Background
principles
Yolk sac

Embryologie
The germ disk(2)

Where do organs originate
from?
Fertilization to
organogenesis
Phrenic nerve
length
The germ disk arises after

gastrulatieon (click for extra
information) . It consists of three layers:
germ layers.
ectoderm
mesoderm
endoderm
Heart and foetal

circulation
Abdominal aorta
systemics
All the tissues in the human body arise

out of one of these layers.
Development of
the peritoneum
You need to understand which

tissue arises out of which layer.
The development of the germ disk to
the basic form of organs and tissues
will be recapitulated in this chapter.
Body wall
development
Development of
the urogenital
system
Left-right
differences
Background
principles
Figure 3: Section through the germ disk on

day 16. The mesoderm is formed.
Question 3: In the image on the left side,

click on the germ layer that will form the
outer layer of the embryo.
Correct! The ectoderm will form the
outer layer of the embryo.
That is not correct, try again

Embryologie
Curves of the germ disk

The curves in the germ disk will end up
as a tube on a stem Read the extra
part about the curves for extra
information.
Fertilization to
organogenesis
Phrenic nerve
length
Watch this video.
Heart and foetal

circulation
Question 4. Which process is

responsible for the curves?
Abdominal aorta
systemics
a) Shrinking due to reduction

(disappearance of cells)
Development of
the peritoneum
b) Differences in the speed of

deviding.
Body wall
development
a) That is not correct. Try again.
Development of
the urogenital
system
b) Yes, the ectoderm and the

mesoderm devide a lot quicker. Due to
this, the embryo bends in the direction
of the endoderm.
Left-right
differences
Background
principles
Figure 4: Process of the craniocaudal curving of

the germ disk. Click on the figure for a
magnified image.

Embryologie
Curves of the germ disk

This curves cause the:
Fertilization to
organogenesis
1.Ectoderm to be located on the

outer side;
Phrenic nerve
length
2.Endoderm to be formed as a tube

in the embryo.
Heart and foetal

circulation
While the mesoderm stays in

between.
Abdominal aorta
systemics
Development of
the peritoneum
On the next pages you will learn which

tissues are formed out of which layer.
Body wall
development
Development of
the urogenital
system
Left-right
differences
Background
principles
Figure 5: Lateral curves of the germ disk (top

image), where the germ layers fuse on the
ventral side (bottom image)

Embryologie
Ectoderm
You have learned that the outer layer
consists of ectoderm-cells.
Fertilization to
organogenesis
These cells develop into:

- Skin
- Neural tube that will form the central
nerve system.
Phrenic nerve
length
Heart and foetal
circulation
Question 5: Which principle

(extra information principle causes the
formation of the neural tube?
Abdominal aorta
systemics
Development of
the peritoneum
Body wall
development
Development of
the urogenital
system
Left-right
differences
Background
principles
Figure 6: The neural tube in a 4 week old

embry, the picture shows the start of the
formation of the central nerve system.
a) branching
a ) Not correct
b) invagination
b) Correct!
c) fusion
c ) Not correct
d) seperation
d ) Not correct
e) reduction
e ) Not correct
f) rotation
f ) Not correct
g) curving
g ) Not correct

Embryologie
Mesoderm
The mesoderm kan onderverdeeld
worden in:
1.Paraxial mesoderm
2.Intermediate mesoderm
3.Lateral plate mesoderm
Fertilization to
organogenesis
Phrenic nerve
length
Heart and foetal
circulation
Abdominal aorta
systemics
Question 6. Which organs originate

from the paraxial mesoderm?
Development of
the peritoneum
Correct
!
Incorrec
b) kidneys
t
c) parietal pleura
Incorrec
t
d) testes
Incorrec
t
Correc
e) Vertebra
t!
L1
The paraxial mesoderm is segmented
and are also called somites. They are
the precursor of bones, muscle and a
part of the skin.
a) m. rectus abdominis
Body wall
development
Development of
the urogenital
system
Left-right
differences
Background
principles
Figure 7: Mesoderm devided into:

(1)Paraxial mesoderm
(2)Intermediate mesoderm
(3)Lateral plate mesoderm

Embryologie
Mesoderm
Question 7. Which two of the organs
named below originate out of the
intermediate mesoderm?
Fertilization to
organogenesis
Phrenic nerve
length
Heart and foetal
circulation
Abdominal aorta
systemics
Development of
the peritoneum
Body wall
development
Development of
the urogenital
system
Left-right
differences

a) m. rectus
abdominis
b) Kidneys
Incorre
ct
Correct!
c) Parietal pleura
d) testes
Incorrec
t
Correct!
e) Vertebra
L1
Incorre
ct
Het intermediaire mesoderm

ontwikkelt zich tot het
urogenitaalstelsel.
Background
principles

Embryologie
Mesoderm
Question 8: Which of the organs below
arise out of the lateral plate mesoderm?
Fertilization to
organogenesis
Phrenic nerve
length
a) m. rectus abdominis
Heart and foetal

circulation
b) Kidneys
c) Parietal pleura
Abdominal aorta
systemics
d) testes
Development of
the peritoneum
Body wall
development
Development of
the urogenital
system

e) Vertebra
L1
Incorre
ct
Incorrec
t
Correct!
Incorrec
t
Incorre
ct
The lateral plate mesoderm develops

into the inner layer of the body wall.
Left-right
differences
Background
principles
10

Embryologie
Endoderm
Due to the curving of the embryo, the
endoderm is transformed into a
tube that is located in the embryo.
This tube (also named primitive gut)
devolps into the gastrointestinal tract.
A tube which courses from the mouth
to the anus.
Question 9: Which part of the gut of an
adult was connected to the yolk sac? A
reminant of this structure is called a
Meckels diverticle.
Fertilization to
organogenesis
Phrenic nerve
length
Heart and foetal
circulation
Abdominal aorta
systemics
Development of
the peritoneum
a) duodenum
b) jejunum
c) ileum
d) coecum
Body wall
development
Development of
the urogenital
system
Left-right
differences
Background
principles
Figure 8: Schematically drawn structure of the

primitive gut in an embryo of 30 days old. Click
on the figure for a magnification.
e) colon ascendens
f) colon transversum
g) colon descendens
h) appendix
vermiformis
a) Is not correct. Try again!
b) Is not correct. Try again!
c) Is correct!
d) Is not correct. Try again!
e) Is not correct. Try again!
f) Is not correct. Try again!
g) Is not correct. Try again!
h) Is not correct. Try again!
11

Embryologie
Length of the
phrenic nerve
Fertilization to
organogenesis
Phrenic nerve
length
Heart and foetal
circulation
Question 10: Which embyronical structure

is innervated by the phrenic nerve and
develops into the diaphragm?
Abdominal aorta
systemics
a)
Development of
the peritoneum
Intermuscular septum
b)
Atrioventricular
septum
c)
Septum
secundum
d)
Septum transversum
Body wall
development
Development of
the urogenital
system
a)
Is not correct. The

intermuscular septum is a reminant
between
b)
No, the atrioventricular
septum creates the septum in the heart.
Left-right
differences
Background
principles
The phrenic nerve has a strange course

towards the diaphragm. Study this in
your anatomical atlas.
Which vertebral levels does it originate
from?
c)
Figure 9: Course of the phrenic
nerve.
No, The septum secundum is

involved in the closure of the oval
foramina in the heart.
d)
Correct!
12

Embryologie
Development of the
phrenic nerve (1)
Fertilization to
organogenesis
Phrenic nerve
length
The diaphragm arises very early in the

development, on the cervical vertebral
level.
Question 11: Which principle is involved in
the strange course of the phrenic nerve?
Heart and foetal

circulation
Abdominal aorta
systemics
Development of
the peritoneum
Body wall
development
incorrect.
c) reduction
incorrect.
d) rotation
incorrect.
e) branching
incorrect
.incorrect.
f) seperation
Development of
the urogenital
system
incorrect.
g) curving
Left-right
differences
Background
principles
a)
invagination
b) fusion
Figure 10: Schematic overview of the

innervation of the phrenic musculature.
Correct! The cranial (and caudal) curves

of the germ disk, in the fourth week
after fertilization, cause the diaphragm
to be located belowthe heart.
Click here for an image
13

Embryologie
Development of the
phrenic nerve
Fertilization to
organogenesis
Phrenic nerve
length
As you might have noticed, the

diaphragm migrates during development
and the phrenic nerves grows along.
Conclusion
Organs migrate during
development, and nerves
move along.
Heart and foetal

circulation
Abdominal aorta
systemics
Development of
the peritoneum
Body wall
development
Development of
the urogenital
system
Left-right
differences
.
Background
principles
14

Embryologie
Heart & foetale

circulation
Fertilization to
organogenesis
Phrenic nerve
length
Heart and foetal
circulation
Abdominal aorta
systemics
During this course, a few things are

mentioned: The goals were to let
you realize that:
1.Function and shape are very
related to each other. The
morphologyof the heart changes
after a change in demands of this
organ.
2.In an adult, remnants of the
morphology of the embryo can
still be seen.
Development of
the peritoneum
Body wall
development
Development of
the urogenital
system
Left-right
differences
Background
principles
The circulatory system is a very

important system, of which the
development is very difficult.
Congenital heart dysfunction is the
main cause of congenital pathology
(64 out of 10.000 births*). Knowledge
of the development of the heart and
arteries/veins is necessary to
understand the pathology.
Figure 11: The foetal circulation. Click on

the image for a magnification.
*Reference:EUROCAT
Netherlands
15

Embryologie
The heart
Fertilization to
organogenesis
Phrenic nerve
length
Heart and foetal
circulation
Figuur 12 : zijaanzichten van het embryonale

hart.
In the museum exercise, you will study the

morphology of the heart before and after
birth. You might have noticed that a
change in function leads to a change in
morphology of the circulatory system. An
example of this is the oval foramina after
birth.
Abdominal aorta
systemics
Conclusion
Function and morphology
are closely related to each
other.
Development of
the peritoneum
Body wall
development
Question 12: Click on the image on the left

side on the structure which is remnant of the
heart, originating from the hearttube.
Development of
the urogenital
system
Left-right
differences
Background
principles
Figure 13 : View of the dorsal inside part of

the pericard
Correct! The transversal pericardial sinus is

the space between the arterial pole and
the venous pole.
This is incorrect, try again.
16

Embryologie
Foetale circulation (1)

You have studied the pulmonary and
systemic circulation before and after
birth. Again, function and morpholog
are very related to each other.
Fertilization to
organogenesis
Phrenic nerve
length
After the first breath, a change of

pressure takes place, and
therefore the circulation adjusts.
Remnants of the old circulation
can be found.
Heart and foetal

circulation
Abdominal aorta
systemics
Conclusion
Remnants of the foetal
situation can be found in
adults.
Development of
the peritoneum
Body wall
development
Question 13: Give the names of the

anatomical structures in figure 14, in a
foetus and in adults.
Development of
the urogenital
system
foetus
Left-right
differences
volwassene
A ductus arteriosus lig. arteriosum

Background
principles
B foramen ovale
Figure 14 : The foetal circulation. Click on the
figure for a magnification.
fossa ovalis
C ductus venosus lig. venosum

C
D vena umbilicalis lig. teres hepatis .
E arteria umbilicalis lig. umbilicalis
Klik hier voor de antwoorden
D
.
mediale
E
. 17

Embryologie
foetale circulatie (2)

Question 14: Which two organs are bypassed before birth, and why?
Fertilization to
organogenesis
Phrenic nerve
length
Heart and foetal
circulation
The liver
and voor
lungs are
by-passed. The
Klik
hier
het
oxygen-rich
blood from the placenta is
antwoord.
therefore directly sent to the brains. The
lungs are not yet functional and
therefore do not demand a large amount
of blood.
Abdominal aorta
systemics
Development of
the peritoneum
Body wall
development
Development of
the urogenital
system
Left-right
differences
Background
principles
Figure 14 : The foetal circulation. Click on the

image for a magnification.
18

Embryologie
Systemics abdominal
aorta
Fertilization to
organogenesis
Abdominal organs are described in the

museum exercises. Both anatomy of
the adults and anatomy of the embryo.
In adults, the positioning of the
abdominal organs is very difficult,
because a lot of organs are located
close to each other.
Phrenic nerve
length
Heart and foetal
circulation
By looking at the development of

the GI-tract, you will notice that
the organs are located in a
systemic way. Knowledge of this
development provides you
information of the anatomy in
adults of both vascularization as
location.
Abdominal aorta
systemics
Development of
the peritoneum
Body wall
development
Development of
the urogenital
system
Left-right
differences
Background
principles
Figure 15: positioning of the abdominal

organs.
19

Embryologie
Primary gut in the

peritoneal cavity
Fertilization to
organogenesis
Phrenic nerve
length
The position of the primary gut in the

peritoneal cavity is explained in the
museum exercise of main aspects of
functional morphology
You have seen that the primary gut
has a few characteristics before it
starts developing.
Heart and foetal

circulation
Question 15 :Which characteristic of the

primary gut is not correct?
Abdominal aorta
systemics
a)
Development of
the peritoneum
Body wall
development
Suspended through dorsal

and ventral suspensory ligaments to
the body wall.
b)
Vascularization of the gut

through the ventral suspensory
ligaments.
c)
All parts are located
intraperitoneally.
Development of
the urogenital
system
Left-right
differences
Background
principles
Figure 16: Transversal section through the

peritoneal cavity whith an overview of the
location of the primary gut.
a)
Try again.
b)
Indeed this is
incorrect.Vascularization is done
through
dorsal
mesentery.
c)
Try again.
20

Embryologie
Vascularization primary
gut
Fertilization to
organogenesis
During the development, the primary

gut is devided into three parts:
- foregut
- midgut
- hindgut
Phrenic nerve
length
Heart and foetal
circulation
In the abdomen, each of the three parts

is vascularized by its own branch of
the aorta.
Abdominal aorta
systemics
Development of
the peritoneum
Body wall
development
Development of
the urogenital
system
Left-right
differences
Background
principles
Figure 17: Overview of the vascularization of

the primary gut. Click on the image for a
magnification.
21

Embryologie
Vascularization (2)
Look at the situation of the organs and
gut parts in the adult. You will see a
pattern in vascularization.
Fertilization to
organogenesis
Phrenic nerve
length
Heart and foetal
circulation
Abdominal aorta
systemics
Development of
the peritoneum
Conclusion
Organs are developed in a
systemic way.
Body wall
development
Development of
the urogenital
system
Left-right
differences
Background
principles
Figure 18: Overview of the vascularization of

the gut.
22

Embryologie
Basic form and

vascularization
Fertilization to
organogenesis
Phrenic nerve
length
1. ventral
Heart and foetal

circulation
2. lateral
3. dorsal (or dorsolateral)
Abdominal aorta
systemics
Development of
the peritoneum
Body wall
development
The branching pattern of the abdominal

aorta is discussed in this
extra information.
The branches are devided into three
groups:
Figure 19: Schematic overview of the branches

of the abdominal aorta.
Development of
the urogenital
system
Left-right
differences
Background
principles
23

Embryologie
Vascularization
Now you have a nice idea of the simple
basic form of the body, you will see an
association of the parts of the branches
and the germ layers.
Fertilization to
organogenesis
Phrenic nerve
length
The ventral branches vascularize

the endoderm.
Heart and foetal

circulation
The lateral branches vascularize

the intermediate mesoderm.
Abdominal aorta
systemics
Development of
the peritoneum
Body wall
development
The dorsal branches vascularize

the paraxial mesoderm.
Figure 19: Schematic overview of the branches
of the abdominal aorta.
Development of
the urogenital
system
Left-right
differences
Background
principles
24

Embryologie
Fertilization to
organogenesis
Development of the
peritoneum
Phrenic nerve
length
Knowledge of the development of the

primary gut and its mesenteries will
show you how the difficult situation in
adults arises.
In the dissecting room you will see that
several organs in the GI-tract are
connected to each other through
ligaments.
Heart and foetal

circulation
Abdominal aorta
systemics
Development of
the peritoneum
Body wall
development
Development of
the urogenital
system
Left-right
differences
Figure 20: An overview of the organs in de

upper abdomen.
Question 17: In the image on the left

side, click on the lesser omentum
Correct!
Background
principles
Incorrect. The lesser omentum is

created by peritoneum between the
liver and the stomach.
25

Embryologie
Rotation of the primary

gut
Fertilization to
organogenesis
Differences in growth speed cause

rotation of the stomach and other
organs.
Phrenic nerve
length
Heart and foetal
circulation
Question 18: If you look at the embryo

from a ventral direction, which way do
the organs rotate?
Abdominal aorta
systemics
Development of
the peritoneum
a)
Development of
the urogenital
system
b)
Body wall
development
Left-right
differences
Incorrect. Look closely!

Background
principles
Figure 21: The rotation of the primary gut

during embryogenesis. Click on the image for a
magnification
Correct, they rotate counter clockwise.
26

Embryologie
Ligaments in the upper

abdominal cavity
Fertilization to
organogenesis
Phrenic nerve
length
Heart and foetal
circulation
Abdominal aorta
systemics
A
B
C
Out of the simple basic form (primary

gut with two suspensory ligaments), you
will be able to name the several
mesenteries in adults.
Question 19: Click in the table which
structures are located in A/B/C/D in figure
22.
Development of
the peritoneum
Body wall
development
Development of
the urogenital
system
Left-right
differences
Background
principles
A
B
C
D
Figure 22: The ligaments and organs in the
upper abdominal cavity during early
development.
27

Embryologie
Omental bursa
Fertilization to
organogenesis
Phrenic nerve
length
Heart and foetal
circulation
Abdominal aorta
systemics
Development of
the peritoneum
Body wall
development
Development of
the urogenital
system
Left-right
differences
Background
principles
Figure 23: A few ligmanets and organs in the upper abdomen of an adult.
During rotation of the gut, also dorsal and vental suspensory ligaments
migrate. Therefore, a constriction of the abdominal cavity exists: the
omental bursa.
28

Embryologie
Secondarily
retroperitoneal
Fertilization to
organogenesis
Phrenic nerve
length
Question 20: Which organ is located

secondarily intraperitoneal?
Heart and foetal

circulation
Abdominal aorta
systemics
Development of
the peritoneum
Body wall
development
Development of
the urogenital
system
Left-right
differences
Background
principles
Due to rotations, some parts of the gut

get a location to the body wall.
The corresponding mesentery fuses
with the parietal peritoneum. Therefore
the organ is not located primary
intraperitoneal, but secondarily.
Figure 24: A. Section through an embryo in

which the original lintraperitoneal location of
the primary gut can be seen.;B. The migration
of a part of the gut from intraperitoneal to
secondarily retroperitoneal.
a) Transverse colon
c) Stomach
b) Duodenum
d) Spleen
a) This is not correct, have another

look at the location of the omental
b) bursa.
Correct!
c)
This is not correct. The
stomach is located intraperitoneal.
d)
This is not correct. The
spleen is located intraperitoneal.
Conclusion
Movements of the organs
in the embryo clarify the
location in an adult
situation.
29

Embryologie
Body wall
development
Fertilization to
organogenesis
The goal of this chapter is to explain

the vascularization and innervation of
the body wall.
Phrenic nerve
length
Heart and foetal
circulation
Abdominal aorta
systemics
Development of
the peritoneum
Body wall
development
Development of
the urogenital
system
Left-right
differences
Background
principles
Figure 25 a,b,c: Three sections from cranial to

caudal through the ventral body wall of the
abdomen.
30

Embryologie
The segmented body wall

You have learned that the body wall
originates from the paraxial mesoderm
(the somites).
Fertilization to
organogenesis
You could state that each vertebral

level has its own somite. Out of these
somites, tissues are formed (e.g.,
muscles, bones) which together form
the body wall.
Phrenic nerve
length
Heart and foetal
circulation
Abdominal aorta
systemics
This means that the body wall is

segmented (it consists of several
segments). You will see this in the
anatomy.
Development of
the peritoneum
Body wall
development
Development of
the urogenital
system
Figure 26: Formation of the body wall. Click on

the figure for a magnification.
Left-right
differences
Background
principles
31

Embryologie
Segmented body wall (2)

In the figure on the left side you will
see that a hypomere forms three
layers of muscle. This development
takes place in both thorax and
abdomen.
Question 21: What are the names of the
muscles in the thorax?
Fertilization to
organogenesis
Phrenic nerve
length
Heart and foetal
circulation
Click here for the

answers
Abdominal aorta
systemics
m. intercostalis externus
m. intercostalis internus
m. intercostalis intimus
Development of
the peritoneum
Body wall
development
Development of
the urogenital
system
Figure 26: Formation of the body wall, click on

the figure for a magnification.
Question 22: What are the names of the

muscles in the abdomen?
Left-right
differences
Click here for the

answers
Background
principles
m. obliquus abdominis externus

m. obliquus abdominis internus
m. transversus abdominis
32

Embryologie
Fertilization to
organogenesis
Vascularization and
innervation of the bodyYou can see that the body wall is
segmented, by looking at the
wall
innervation and vascularization. Each
vertebral level has its own
arteries/veins/nerves towards the body
wall.
Phrenic nerve
length
Heart and foetal
circulation
Question 23: Which statement is

correct? The innervation and circulation
of the body wall is located between:
Abdominal aorta
systemics
a)
Development of
the peritoneum
The superficial and middle

muscle layer
b)
Body wall
development
The middle and deep

muscle layer.
a)
Not correct. Try again.
b)
Correct!
Development of
the urogenital
system
Left-right
differences
Background
principles
Figure 27: Segmented innervation of the body

wall.
Conclusion
Organs move and take
along their innervation
and vascularization.
33

Embryologie
Gubernaculum
The testes are developed
retroperitoneally, but are ,located in
the scrotum after birth.
The gubernaculum, connective tissue
between testis and scrotum, courses
through the inguinal canal. It is
important in the path of descent
from high in the posterior abdomen
to the scrotum.
Important: Everything is
retroperitoneal, including the
Question 24: What is the function of
ductus deferens!
the cremaster muscle?
Fertilization to
organogenesis
Phrenic nerve
length
Heart and foetal
circulation
Abdominal aorta
systemics
Development of
the peritoneum
Depending
the het
temperature, the
Klik
hier on
voor
cremaster
muscle
contracts more, or
antwoord
less. This causes more or less
distance towards the body wall, and
therefore a change in temperature of
the testes. An optimal temperature is
very important for the production of
semen.
Body wall
development
Development of
the urogenital
system
Left-right
differences
Background
principles
Figure 28: Retroperitoneal descending of the

testes. Click on the figure for a magnified
picture.
34

Embryologie
Inguinal canal
The inguinal canal is nothing more
than an embossment of the body wall,
that is located in the scrotum (or in
female: in the labia). This embossment
can be found in both men and female,
but is more prominent in men, due to
the testes.
Fertilization to
organogenesis
Phrenic nerve
length
Heart and foetal
circulation
Abdominal aorta
systemics
Question 25: The cremaster muscle is a

continuation of the:
Development of
the peritoneum
a) m. transversus abdominis
Body wall
development
b) m. obliquus abdominis internus

c) m. obliquus abdominis externus
Development of
the urogenital
system
Left-right
differences
Background
principles
d) m. rectus abdominis
a) Not correct, try again.
Figure 29: Overview of the inguinal canal, the
spermatic cord and the scrotum. Click on the
picture for a magnification.
b) Correct!
Click here for an extra image of the ing

uinal canal.
d) Not correct, try again.
c) Not correct, try again.
35

Embryologie
Fertilization to
organogenesis
Development of the
the pelvis, several organ systems are
urogenital tract. Inlocated
very close to each other: the
uropoietic tract, the genital tract and
the gastrointestinal tract.
Phrenic nerve
length
You will understand these tracts better

after you have studied the
embryogenesis of them. Also, you will
understand the differences between
men and women.
Heart and foetal

circulation
Abdominal aorta
systemics
Important in the development of the

pelvic organs are the many fusions and
separations out of which new organs
exist.
Development of
the peritoneum
Body wall
development
Development of
the urogenital
system
Left-right
differences
Background
principles
Figure 30 : Schematic overview of the

urogenital tract in an embryo. In this stage, one
can not distinguish the difference between a
male and a female.
36
holte

Embryologie
Urogenital tract in the posterior

peritoneal cavity.
You have learned that the kidneys and
genitals originate from the
intermediate mesoderm. This means
that these organs are primary
retroperitoneal.
Fertilization to
organogenesis
Phrenic nerve
length
Heart and foetal
circulation
Abdominal aorta
systemics
Question 26: The first period of time,

there is no difference between the
development in men or women. How
long does this period take?
Development of
the peritoneum
a) 4 weeks
b) 7 weeks
Body wall
development
c) 12 weeks
Development of
the urogenital
system
a) Not correct, try again.
Left-right
differences
Background
principles
b) Correct!
Figuer 31: Overview of the peritoneal cavity and
the urogenital system. Click on the figure for a
magnification.
c) Not correct, try again.
37

Embryologie
Fusions and seperations

(1)
Fertilization to
organogenesis
Phrenic nerve
length
Question 27: Here are the products in

adults:
Heart and foetal

circulation
Abdominal aorta
systemics
Body wall
development
Left-right
differences
Background
principles
Foetus
Urine
Zaadcelle
n
Click on the products that are removed

through the mesonephric duct
(Wolffian duct):
Development of
the peritoneum
Development of
the urogenital
system
The mesonephric duct connects to

the primary gut, so products can be
removed from the body.
Figure 32: A. Connection of the urogenital tract

to the primary gut. B. Development of the
mesoneprhic and paramesonephric gut. Click on
figure B for a comple figure from Larsens.
Not correct. The foetus is

removed from the body through
the vagina. This originates from
the paramesonephric duct, or the
mullerian duct.
Not correct, try again.
This is correct!
38

Embryologie
Fusions and seperations.

The uterus arises after fusion of two
tubes.
Fertilization to
organogenesis
Question 28: Which ligament originates

from the fusion of the Mullerian duct
(paramesonephric duct)?
Phrenic nerve
length
Heart and foetal
circulation
a) lig. latum
b) lig. ovarium proprii
Abdominal aorta
systemics
c) lig. teres uteri
Development of
the peritoneum
a) This is correct. The lig. latum arises

after a retraction of the peritoneum in
the abdominal cavity, due to the fusion
of the left and right Mullerian duct
Body wall
development
Development of
the urogenital
system
b) Incorrect. Try again

c) Incorrect. Try again
Left-right
differences
Background
principles
Figure 33: Development of the vagina, uterus

and the paramesonephric duct. Click on the
image for a magnification.
Conclusion
Fusion and seperation of
anatomical structures
contribute to the
formation of new organs
39

Embryologie
Migration and
vascularization (1)
Fertilization to
organogenesis
Phrenic nerve
length
Heart and foetal
circulation
Abdominal aorta
systemics
Development of
the peritoneum
Body wall
development
Development of
the urogenital
system
Left-right
differences
Background
principles
Figure 34: Migration of the kidneys from their

sacral position towards the position beneath
the diaphragm.
During embryonic development,

gonades and kidneys migrate. The
gonades migrate from a high lumbal
location towards caudal. The kidneys
migrate from the pelvis towards cranial,
to reach their final destination against
the posterior body wall.
Question 29: The migration of gonades
and kidneys has an effect on the
vascularization of these organs. Which
statement is correct?
a)
The branches out of the aorta
migrate along with the organs of both
gonades
andThe
kidneys.
b)
branch of the renal artery
out of the aorta DOES migrate along,
the artery of the gonades DOES NOT.
c)
The branch out of the aorta of
the gonades DOES migrate along, the
renal artery DOES NOT.
d) The arteries only extend. The
branches stay on the same level of the
aorta.
a)
This is not correct, try
again.
b)
Correct! Only the renal artery
migrates along with the organs.
c)
try
d) again.
This is not correct,

again.
40

Embryologie
Migration and
vascularization (2)
Fertilization to
organogenesis
Phrenic nerve
length
Question 30: Click the levels from which

the gonadal arteries and renal arteries
arise.
L1L2
Heart and foetal

circulation
Abdominal aorta
systemics
Development of
the peritoneum
Body wall
development
L3L4
L5S1
S2S3
a)
This is correct.
b)
again.
c)
again.
d)
again.

Development of
the urogenital
system
Left-right
differences
Background
principles
Figure 34: Migration of the kidneys from their

sacral position towards the position beneath
the diaphragm.
41
reducties

Embryologie
Left-right differences
Aortic branches
Fertilization to
organogenesis
The left-right differences can be

explained by the embryology.
On the left side you see an image of
the left-right differences of the aortic
branches towards the head and arms.
Phrenic nerve
length
Heart and foetal
circulation
This is caused by the development of

these arteries out of the ambryonic
aortic arch arteries.
Differences take place after reduction
of the arteries.
Abdominal aorta
systemics
Development of
the peritoneum
Body wall
development
Development of
the urogenital
system
Left-right
differences
Figure 35: Development of the aorta and

pulmonary trunk, including their branches.
Click on the figure for a magnification.
Conclusion
Reductions are essential
for development
Background
principles
42

Embryologie
Recurrent laryngeal
nerve (1)
Fertilization to
organogenesis
Fertilization to
organogenesis
Phrenic nerve
Phrenic
length nerve
length
Heart and foetal
Heart
circulation
and foetal
circulation
In the figure on the left side you see a

deep dissection of the superior
mediastinum. The right recurrent
laryngeal nerve branches from the
right vagal nerve on the level of the
right subclavial artery.
The left one branches a little lower. It
courses underneath the ligamentum
arteriosum of the aorta.
Abdominal aorta
Abdominal
systemics aorta
systemics
Development of
the
Development
peritoneum of
the peritoneum
Body wall
development
Body wall
development
Development of
the
Development
urogenital of
the
system
urogenital
system
Left-right
differences
Left-right
differences
Reductions are also important in the

development of the recurrent
laryngeal nerve. There is a difference
between the left and right nerve.
Figure 36: Course of the recurrent laryngeal

nerve. Click on the image for a magnification.
Background
principles
Background
principles
43

Embryologie
Recurrent laryngeal nerve

Question 31: On the level of which of the
(2)
pharyngeal arches does the recurrent
laryngeal nerve branch from the vagal
nerve, to innervate the larynx?
Fertilization to
organogenesis
Phrenic nerve
length
Heart and foetal
circulation
Development of
the peritoneum
Body wall
development
Left-right
differences
Background
principles
d) Blue (4)
b) Red(2)
e) Deep
blue(6)
c) Purple(3)
Abdominal aorta
systemics
Development of
the urogenital
system
a) Green(1)
Figure 37: Aortic arch and the pulmonary

trunk with theirbranches. This is the situation
in an 8 week old foetus.
a)
b)
This is not correct, try again.
c)
again.
d)
e)
Congatulations! You
answered the last question
correctly!
Conclusion
Old situations
sometimes lead to a
stange course of
structures.
44

Embryologie
Principles in the embryology

(that lead to a definitive morphology)
Fertilization to
organogenesis
BACKGROUND INORMATION
Phrenic nerve
length
Heart and foetal
circulation
Abdominal aorta
systemics
New organs and structures can develop in a few ways. These principles are
discussed in this chapter.
Development of
the peritoneum
1.The induction-principle
2.Formation of new structures
Invaginations & Branching
Fusion & seperations
Reductions
3.Shape changes:
Curves
Rotations
Body wall
development
Development of
the urogenital
system
Left-right
differences
Background
principles
Klik hier om terug te gaan naar ectoderm;

of klik op verder om deze achtergrond
informatie te bekijken
45

Embryologie

1. The induction-principle (1)
Fertilization to
organogenesis
Phrenic nerve
length
Heart and foetal
circulation
The embryonic development is a

process of mainly growth and
increasing complexity (structure and
function).
Abdominal aorta
systemics
Development of
the peritoneum
Growth is realized by mitosis.
Body wall
development
Development of
the urogenital
system
Complexity is realized by
morphogenesis
Figure 38: Development of the germ disk at the
start of development
Left-right
differences
Background
principles
46

Embryologie

Fertilization to
organogenesis
Phrenic nerve
length
Heart and foetal
circulation
Abdominal aorta
systemics
Cells in early embryos are pluripotent:

they have the possibility of becoming
different types of tissue.
This potential decreases because

during development, cells start to
differentiate.
Development of
the peritoneum
Body wall
development
Development of
the urogenital
system
Left-right
differences
Background
principles
47

Embryologie

Fertilization to
organogenesis
Phrenic nerve
length
Heart and foetal
circulation
Abdominal aorta
systemics
Development of
the peritoneum
Body wall
development
Development of
the urogenital
system
Left-right
differences
Background
principles
Induction is the principle that one tissue

induces another to differentiate
This is done by the secretion of
specific growth factors by the inducing
cell. These factors binds to a receptor
on the respondig cel. This bonding
realizes, due to intracellular signals, an
adjustment of the genetic activity of
the responding cell (differentiation).
The possibility to react on the inducing

signal is limited due to:
1.place Cells are not supposed to

be located too far away from each
other
2.time
cells are only responsive in

a specific period of time during
development.
(zie ook Larsen, 4e ed, p. 145)
48

Embryologie

2. Formation of new structures (1)
Fertilization to
organogenesis
Phrenic nerve
length
Heart and foetal
circulation
Abdominal aorta
systemics
Development of
the peritoneum
Body wall
development
Branching
Invaginations
A structure can be formed by the

creation of branches.
A new structure can be formed due to

invagination. This is the retraction of
one tissue into the other.
An example is the bronchial tree in

the lungs.
An example of this is the neural tube.

This is formed by the invagination of
the ectoderm into the mesoderm.
Development of
the urogenital
system
Left-right
differences
Background
principles
49

Embryologie

2. Formation of new structures(2)
Fertilization to
organogenesis
Phrenic nerve
length
Heart and foetal
circulation
Abdominal aorta
systemics
Development of
the peritoneum
Body wall
development
Development of
the urogenital
system
Fusion: 2 become 1
Sometimes, due to fusion, out of 2
structures, 1 new structure comes
into existence.
An example of this is the uterus, that
originates after the fusion of two
tubes.
Seperation: 1
becomes 2
Or, one structure can devide. This
ends up in the creation of 2 seperate
structures.
An example is the formation of the
aorta and the pulmonary trunk out of
one outflow tract of the heart.
Left-right
differences
Background
principles
50

Embryologie
Principles in embryology
2. Formation of new structures (3)
Fertilization to
organogenesis
Phrenic nerve
length
Heart and foetal
circulation
Abdominal aorta
systemics
Development of
the peritoneum
Body wall
development
Reduction: from 1
to 0
Sometimes, structures dissapear. An
example of this is the dissapearance
of the tissue between toes and
fingers. This is called reduction.
Development of
the urogenital
system
Left-right
differences
Background
principles
51

Embryologie
Dessert: Clinical case

Fertilization to
organogenesis
Phrenic nerve
length
Heart and foetal
circulation
Abdominal aorta
systemics
Development of
the peritoneum
Body wall
development
Development of
the urogenital
system
Left-right
differences
Background
principles
In this image, you see a picture of a newborn. This boy has a split spine
(spina bifida). This is also called a neural tube defect.
Question:
What went wrong during the formation of the neural tube?
a) The tube did not close correctly
cranially.
b)
The tube did not close correctly
caudally.
a) This is incorrect
b) This is correct! Due to this, the spine is split. The bone
marrow has become visible.
52

Embryologie
Gastrulation
Fertilization to
organogenesis
Phrenic nerve
length
Gastrulation is the process in which the

two-layered germ disks develops into a
three-layered disk. After gastrulation,
the anatomical orientation is know
(cranial, caudal, ventral, dorsal)
Epiblast cells migrate through the
primitive streak to replace the
hypoblast cells. From now on, this is
called the endoderm
Heart and foetal

circulation
Abdominal aorta
systemics
Development of
the peritoneum
Consequently, the cells migrate from

the primitive streak in between the two
cell layers, to form the mesoderm.
Body wall
development
Development of
the urogenital
system
This is how the three layered germ disk

arises.
3 layers: ectoderm, mesoderm,
en endoderm
Left-right
differences
Background
principles
Figure : Gastrulation
53

Embryologie
Principles in embryology
3. Shape changes
Fertilization to
organogenesis
Phrenic nerve
length
Heart and foetal
circulation
Abdominal aorta
systemics
Development of
the peritoneum
Curves
Structures and organs can undergo a
change shape by curving.
Rotations
Structures and organs can change in
shape or location by rotating.
An example is the heart tube, that

curves and forms the definitive
heart.
An example is the gut. It rotates to fit

its enormous length into the abdomen.
Body wall
development
Development of
the urogenital
system
Left-right
differences
Background
principles
54
vascularisatie

Embryologie
vascularisatie oerdarm
Fertilization to
organogenesis
Phrenic nerve
length
Heart and foetal
circulation
Abdominal aorta
systemics
Development of
the peritoneum
Body wall
development
Development of
the urogenital
system
Left-right
differences
This figure shows you a

transversal section
schematically. In this embryo
you can see the several
branches of the abdominal aorta.
This figure shows a schematic drawing of the

branches of the abdominal aorta. The colors
represent the anatomical location of the branches.
(ventral=green, lateral=orange, dorsal=purple) .
Background
principles
55

Embryologie
Inguinal canal
Fertilization to
organogenesis
Phrenic nerve
length
Heart and foetal
circulation
Abdominal aorta
systemics
Development of
the peritoneum
Body wall
development
Development of
the urogenital
system
Left-right
differences
Background
principles
56

Embryologie
End of this e-Learning

Fertilization to
organogenesis
Finally:
Phrenic nerve
length
In this eLearning you have learnt the basics of embryology.
Heart and foetal

circulation
The goals of learning were to let you understand the

importance of embryology in the understanding of anatomy
and the formation of many kinds of pathology and congenital
defects.
Abdominal aorta
systemics
Development of
the peritoneum
Body wall
development
Development of
the urogenital
system
We hope to have made you curious, so in the future you will be

questioning yourself where and why in the embryogenesis
things went wrong.
Left-right
differences
Background
principles
Responsibility
Auteurs: dr. A. Schepens-Franke, dr. J. Kooloos & drs. M. Vorstenbosch, N.
Kruijt
Department of anatomy
De gebruikte afbeeldingen zijn ontleend aan:
Larsens Human Embryology. G.C. Schoenwolf et al., Elsevier 2009
Clinically Oriented Anatomy. K.L. Moore et al., Wolters Kluwer 2010
Sobotta Atlas of Human Anatomy. R. Putz and R. Pabst, Elsevier 2009
Human Embryology. W.J. Hamilton et al., W. Heffer and Sons Ltd 1956
57
57

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5B101 Hoofdlijnen Functionele Morfologie / COO 4

e-Learning Brazilian students:

You can walk through this e-Learning

Before you begin, do not forget to start the

5B101 Hoofdlijnen Functionele Morfologie / COO 4

After the ovulation, fertilization and the

Question 1: When is the implantation

Figure 1: Implantation. Marked in yellow are the

5B101 Hoofdlijnen Functionele Morfologie / COO 4

Germ disk (1)

The embryo originates from the germ

Heart and foetal

Question 2. Click on the germ disk in the

Exactly! The germ disk is the flat layer

To create an overview of where the

That is not correct, try again

5B101 Hoofdlijnen Functionele Morfologie / COO 4

The germ disk(2)

The germ disk arises after

Heart and foetal

All the tissues in the human body arise

You need to understand which

Figure 3: Section through the germ disk on

Question 3: In the image on the left side,

5B101 Hoofdlijnen Functionele Morfologie / COO 4

Curves of the germ disk

Watch this video.

Heart and foetal

Question 4. Which process is

a) Shrinking due to reduction

b) Differences in the speed of

a) That is not correct. Try again.

b) Yes, the ectoderm and the

Figure 4: Process of the craniocaudal curving of

5B101 Hoofdlijnen Functionele Morfologie / COO 4

Curves of the germ disk

1.Ectoderm to be located on the

2.Endoderm to be formed as a tube

Heart and foetal

While the mesoderm stays in

On the next pages you will learn which

Figure 5: Lateral curves of the germ disk (top

5B101 Hoofdlijnen Functionele Morfologie / COO 4

These cells develop into:

Question 5: Which principle

Figure 6: The neural tube in a 4 week old

5B101 Hoofdlijnen Functionele Morfologie / COO 4

Question 6. Which organs originate

Figure 7: Mesoderm devided into:

5B101 Hoofdlijnen Functionele Morfologie / COO 4

Figure 7: Mesoderm devided into:

Het intermediaire mesoderm

5B101 Hoofdlijnen Functionele Morfologie / COO 4

Heart and foetal

Figure 7: Mesoderm devided into:

The lateral plate mesoderm develops

5B101 Hoofdlijnen Functionele Morfologie / COO 4

Figure 8: Schematically drawn structure of the

5B101 Hoofdlijnen Functionele Morfologie / COO 4

Question 10: Which embyronical structure

Is not correct. The

The phrenic nerve has a strange course

No, The septum secundum is