Textbook

definition

Our awareness of ourselves and our

environment
Includes
Alertness: being awake vs. being

unconsciousness
Self-awareness: the ability to think about self
Having free will: being able to make a
conscious decision
A persons mental content, thoughts, and
imaginings

Difference from Wakeful

Consciousness
Changes in perception
and attention
processes
Changes in memory
functioning
Changes in higher
level thought
processes
Changes in emotional
feelings and selfcontrol

Example:
Alcohol Use
Perceive social cues
differently
May not remember
what happened
Engage in intimate
activities with a
stranger
Loss of inhibitions;
exhibition of anger

Tolerance refers to
the diminished
psychoactive effects
after repeated use
Tolerance feeds
addiction because
users take
increasing amounts
of the drug to get
the desired effect

Users brain
chemistry adapts to
offset the drug effect
Neuroadaptation
The architecture of

the neurons presynaptic and postsynaptic areas adjust

User needs larger

and larger doses to
obtain the same
effect

After the benefits of a substance wear off,

especially after tolerance has been developed,
drug users may experience withdrawal (painful
symptoms of the body readjusting to the absence
of the drug)
Withdrawal worsens addiction because users
want to resume taking the drug to end
withdrawal symptoms

 Chemicals

that reduce neural activity

and other body functions
Examples:
Alcohol
Barbiturates
Opiates
Inhalants
Glue
Kerosene
Butane

Highly addictive
depressants
Reduce anxiety
Reduce pain

High doses produce

euphoria
Work at receptor
sites for the bodys
natural pain reducers
Examples: Morphine,
Heroin

Made from opium

poppy

Drugs that
intensify neural
activity and bodily
functions
Effects

Dilated pupils
Increased breathing

and heart rate

Increased blood
sugar
Decreased appetite

Examples:
Caffeine
Nicotine
Amphetamines,

methamphetamines
Cocaine
Ecstasy

Adds energy
Disrupts sleep for 3-4
hours
Can lead to
withdrawal symptoms
if used daily

Headaches
Irritability
Fatigue
Difficulty concentrating
Depression

 Triggers

the sustained release of

dopamine
Up to 8 hours of euphoria and
energy
The crash: irritability, insomnia,
seizures, hypertension, violence,
depression

MethyleneDioxyMethAmphetamine
Synthetic stimulant
Increases dopamine and serotonin (increased
release and blocked reuptake)
Effect: euphoria, CNS stimulation, hallucinations,
artificial feeling of social connectedness and
intimacy

LSD (lysergic acid

diethylamide)
Interferes with serotonin

transmission
Causes hallucinations

Marijuana/THC (delta-9tetrahydrocanabinol)
Binds with brain

cannabinoid receptors
Effect on consciousness

Amplifies sensations
Disinhibition
Euphoric mood
Lack of ability to sense
satiety

 What

do you think of substance use

and celebrity, and its effect on the
general population?
What do you think of such shows as
Intervention and Celebrity Rehab
with Dr. Drew?
They tried to make me go to rehab; I say

no, no, no. Amy Winehouse

died at age of 27
cause of death: alcohol intoxication
25

26

Designed by LA school teachers and police

officers
1989 - 2009
What was your DARE experience?
Research suggested poor efficacy
Why?

Not totally interactive teaching style

45-minute lecture to children
Relies on police as educations, who may not be able

to connect with youth

Targets kids at the wrong developmental point when
use is low
Teaches skills in a sheltered environment
Focuses solely at the individual level of intervention
Doesnt target other factors; based entirely on the
idea of resistance
27

 2009 overhaul of the program

10-week, research-designed

curriculum; interactive approach

8-minute lessons, stories, skill building,

practice, and journaling

Elementary curriculum
7th grade curriculum

Enhance protective factors and reduce risk

factors
Address multiple forms of drug abuse
Address risks specific to target population
Target two or more levels (displayed on
following slides)
Long-term with repeated intervention
(e.g., booster programs)
Employ interactive techniques that allow
for practice and the reinforcement of new
skills

29

 Make

an impact on all levels

Individual Level
Peer Level
School Level
Family Level
Community Level
Society/Macro-Environmental Level

Must

use evidence-based
curriculum/programming
30

Electromyography
Electroencephalogra
phy

Beta waves of an alert,

waking state
Alpha waves of an
awake, relaxed state
Light Sleep

NREM-1: theta waves

NREM-2: theta waves

with spindles (wave

burst) & K-complexes
(wave amplitude)

Deep Sleep

NREM-3 (some

researchers include a
NREM-4): delta waves
No significant division
between stages 3 & 4

REM: alpha & beta waves

 Function

of sleep paralysis

Brainstem blocks the motor cortexs

messages
Blocks muscle movement
Importance
Body repairs and regenerates tissues
Body builds bone and muscle
Strengthens immune system
REM rebound tendency for more REM sleep

to increase following REM sleep deprivation

 Shorter time spans

Sleep more lightly
Less deep sleep
Fragmented sleep

of sleep

Bathroom use
Impact of medications
Impact of pain

 Sleep

protected our ancestors from

predators
Sleep restores and repairs the brain and
body
Sleep builds and strengthens neural
connections (e.g., improves memories)
Sleep facilitates creative problem
solving
Sleep is the time when growth
hormones are active

Loss of brain power

Decreased ability to

concentrate
Decreased problemsolving ability

Weight gain
(increased fat cell
production)
Immunocompromised
Increased risk of high
blood pressure
Reduced strength
Irritability

 How

large is your sleep debt?

Complete sleep debt handout

How

good are your sleep strategies?

Complete sleep strategies handout

What

do you think about the use of

psychopharmacological sleep aids
(e.g., Ambien, Sonata)?

Maintain a regular bed

and wake time
schedule (including
weekends)
Establish a regular
bedtime routine
Avoid watching TV,
eating, and discussing
emotional issues in
bed
Minimize noise, light,
and temperature
extremes during sleep

Try not to drink fluids

after 8:00pm
Avoid naps
Do not expose yourself to
bright light if you must
get up at night
Avoid nicotine, caffeine,
and alcohol
A light snack is OK, but
no heavy meals before
sleep
Exercise regularly, but do
not exercise vigorously
just before bed

PROMPT

INSTRUCTIONS

Now understanding the

effects of sleep
deprivation, should bus
drivers, airline pilots,
and others who are
responsible for public
safety be required to
wear monitors that
would sound an alarm if
they fell asleep? Why or
why not?

Type a 1 page, single spaced

response to the prompt.
Integrate what you have
learned from lecture and from
the textbook.

Do not use other sources.

You must use statements such as,

As I learned from class and As
found on page X of the textbook
to help your professor grade your
paper in a way that reflects your
effort.

This will be turned in at the

start of our next class
session.

 Recurrent

and irrepressible need to

sleep, lapsing into sleep, or napping
occurring within the same day
Triggered during monotonous/boring

activities
Cataplexy

(present in 70% of cases)

Brief episodes of bilateral loss of muscle

tone
Person remains conscious
Triggered by strong stimulation/excitement

Repeated awakenings after breathing stops

Loud snoring, gasping spells, restlessness
Impacts quality of sleep for self and others

Breathing is blocked or partially blocked

Blocked or narrowed airways in the nose, mouth, or throat
Relaxation of throat muscles and tongue
Large tonsils
Overweight

Long-term impact of hypoxia

Treatments
Lifestyle changes
Surgery
Continuous Positive Airway Pressure (CPAP)

Recurrent episodes of abrupt terror

arousals from sleep
Intense fear
Autonomic arousal (e.g., rapid breathing,
increased heart rate)
Relative unresponsiveness to efforts of
others to comfort the individual
No to little dream imagery is recalled
Amnestic for the episode
Video Clip

Theory

Explanation

Critical Consideration

Wish fulfillment
(psychoanalytic)

Symbolism and
hidden meanings
Expression of
otherwise
unacceptable feelings

Lacks scientific support

Interpretation is
subjective

Information-processing

Sort out days events

Why do we sometimes
Consolidate memories dream about things we
have not experienced?

Physiological function

REM sleep restores

many body functions

Activation-synthesis

REM triggers impulses The stories can seem

that evoke random
nonsensical
visual memories that
the brain weaves into
stories

Cognitive-development

Dream content

Does not explain why

we experience
meaningful dreams

Does not address the