What Is Paint?

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Manufacturing a paint

Paint production is a
complex production
process
Here, we have simplified
the process by showing
some of the most
important steps.

Paint technology / What is paint1

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Paint consist of:

Binder
Colour pigments
Extenders
Solvents
Additives

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Composition of paints
Paints
Binder

Pigments

Solvents

Additives

Natural Resin
Drying oil
Coal Tar
Nitrocellulose
Synthetic Resin
Alkyd
CR
Epoxy
Polyester
Polyurethane
Silicate
Vinyl

Colouring

Hydro carbons

Wetting agent

Extender

Ketones

Anti-settling

Inhibitive pigm.

Esters

Drier

Cathodically
protective

Ethers

Anti-skinner

Alcohols

Plasticiser

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Biocides

Water

The properties of a paint will be

decided by the binder

Three generic type of

binders are applied to
test panels: Alkyd,
epoxy and polyurethane

Exposed to sunlight,
water chemicals

Different properties are

demonstrated.

Important to select the

correct type of paint for
the purpose
Paint technology / What is paint2

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Curing mechanism of binders

Oxidising
Alkyd

Chemically curing

Physically drying
Chlorinated rubber
Vinyl
Acrylic
Asphalt
Tar

Polyurethane

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Epoxy
Polyester
Silicate

Physical drying.
Solvent borne paints
Solvents evaporating

Polymer molecules are packing:

Polymer molecules stick together (no chemical bonds):

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Curing mechanism of
two -pack paints
Solvents evaporating

= Polymer

= Curing agent (hardener)

Polymer & hardener molecules reacted

to form a new chemical substance:

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Mixing of two-pack paints

Visual mixing control

A dark base makes it

easy to see when the
mixing is complete
It is difficult to verify
proper mixing when the
base is clear
Insufficient mixing
results in reduced
protective properties of
the paint system
Application: Mixingcontrol1

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The surface tolerance depends on the

penetrating properties of the binder
Vinyl
Chlorinated rubber
Epoxy
Polyurethane

Urethane alkyd
Surface tolerant paint:
Epoxy Mastic

Alkyd
Boiled linseed oil
Raw linseed oil

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Rust preventive pigments

Red lead
Zinc chromate
Zinc phosphate
Zinc

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Colour pigments

Types/colours:
Inorganic: Red - yellow - brown - black
Organic: All shades
Titanium dioxide: White
Function:
Hiding power
Required colour
Protects the binder from degradation by
the UV-light
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Extender pigments

Improves the corrosion protective properties

Improves the resistance to water and
chemicals
Improves the application properties
Takes up stresses in the paint film
Gloss control

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Extenders (fillers)

Talc (Mg silicate fibre)

Barium sulphate
Microdol (Dolomite)
China clay (Al silicate)
Potassium carbonate
Mica (Potassium or Aluminium
silicate)

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Extenders
Stress reducing pigments

Aluminium flakes
Glass flakes
Talc (Mg silicate fibre)
Mica (Potassium, Aluminium
silicate)

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Solvents / diluents
Dissolve the binder
Give lower viscosity
Give application properties
for brush, roller, spray

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Solvents / diluents , examples

Water
White Spirit
Xylen
Toluen
Ketones
Glycoles
Alcohols
Reactive solvents
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Additives
Wetting agent
Anti-foam
Anti-settling
Anti-skin
Anti sagging
Catalysts
UV-absorbers
etc.
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What is the Difference Between

a Paint, a Varnish and a Stain ?
Only matt or
satin finish

Binder
Pigments

Paint

Extenders

Varnish

Solvents
Additives
Stain

Vehicle: Binder + solvents

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Corrosion protection by paints

For corrosion prevention with paints,

three main principles are employed:

Barrier effect
Inhibitor effect
Galvanic effect

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An impervious coating serves as an

inert barrier to protect the surface
Impervious to ions,
oxygen, carbon dioxide
Low moisture transmission
2nd coat
1st coat
Primer
Steel
No voids at interface
Strong adhering
to accumulate water
coating thoroughly
wets steel surface Physical as well as
Clean surface - no salts
to create osmotic blistering
chemical adhesion
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Barrier effect
Why are some paints pigmented
with aluminium or glassflakes ?

Water
Paint with glass or
aluminium flakes

Steel
Flake-formed pigments make it more difficult for moisture to
reach the steel as the distance becomes longer.
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Corrosion protection by paints.

The barrier effect

When paint is applied to

a structure a barrier is
created between the
substrate material and
the surrounding
environment
A thick paint film will
give a better barrier than
a thin film
The barrier effect can be
further improved by
adding flake formed
pigments to the paint.

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Paint technology/ Paint barrier effect1

Inhibition
Moisture Absorption
Ionisation of Inhibitor
Reaction with Steel Surface
Passive layer forms
2nd Coat
1st Coat
Inhibitive Primer
Steel
Moisture may penetrate to reach the inhibitive
primer where the reactive pigments are activated, which in turn
passivate the metal substrate at the coating/metal interface.
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Cathodically protective
pigments
Damage in coating to steel surface
Moisture allows Zinc to
ionize, cathodically protecting the steel.
Superior adhesion prevents coating undercut
2nd Organic Topcoat

Zn

2+

Inorganic Zinc Primer

Steel
An inorganic Zinc primer reacts to protect the
steel substrate when the topcoat is damaged.

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Penetration of moisture
Moisture transfer through a coating with excellent adhesion
Moisture vapour
evaporating

Moisture vapour
penetrating

Steel

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3 Coat system
Strong adhesion

Penetration of moisture in areas

with poor adhesion.
A three coat system
2. Moisture
1. Moisture vapour penetrating into void
(Poor adhesion)

Steel

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3. Vapour pressure
lifts coats in areas
with poor adhesion

Generic types of paint

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Alkyd
The word is divided in two parts to make it
understandable:
ALK YD (German)

AL CID (English)

AL is coming from alcohol, CID or KYD

From the English word acid.
Alkyd is made from organic alcohol + acid + oil

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Alkyd paints

Properties
Advantages

Good application
properties

1-component
Good weather durability
Good wetting properties
Good recoatability
Good levelling properties
Good gloss retention
Dry heat resistant up to
120 C.

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Limitations

Poor chemical resistance

(especially against
alkaline)

Limited water resistance

(submerged)

Limited solvent
resistance

Limited film thickness

per coat

Poor adhesion to CR
Never to be used on Zinc

Modified Alkyd paints

Styrene alkyds - Quicker drying

Silicone alkyds - better gloss retention

Urethane alkyds - Quicker drying, better

water and chemical resistance. Can be applied
in thicker coats (60-100 microns DFT)

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Alkyd paint

Where to use
Segments
Marine
Industry
Decorative
Objects

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Newbuildings / Maintenance
All exterior and interior objects
Only dry exposure (no immersion)

Surface preparation

St 2 to Sa 2 or shop primed steel

Vinyl paints

Properties
Advantages
Physically drying
Good chemical resistance
Good water resistance
Quick drying
Not temperature dependent
One-component

Limitations
Low solid content
Poor resistance against

strong solvents
Dry heat resistant up to
approximately 80 C

Used for:
Exterior objects above water
Offshore on top of Zinc-ethyl silicate
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Vinyl Tar - Modified type

Properties
Advantages

Higher content of
solids
Higher water
resistance
Better wetting
properties
Cost advantages

Disadvantages

Bleeding
Dark colours
Tar on cancer list

Used for: Under water

/Submerged areas
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Pure Epoxy paints

Properties
Advantages
Chemical curing
Very good chemical resistance
High alkali resistance
Moderate resistance to acids
Good adhesion
Very low permeability
High mechanical strength
Dry heat resistant up to 120C

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Limitations
Chalking
Temperature dependent
2 - component
Requires blast cleaning
Overcoating time

Pure Epoxy paints

Where to use

Segments

Ships
Offshore
Industry

Objects

New buildings / Maintenance

Chemical cargo tanks

Surface preparation
Blast-cleaned to Sa 2 or
shop primed steel
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Epoxy Coal Tar

Properties

Advantages:
Chemically curing

Dark colour

More flexible

Temp. dependent

Excellent water resistance

2-component

Better wetting properties

Dry heat resistant up to
90 C
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Limitations:

Recoating interval
Bleeding when overcoated
Coal Tar is carcinogenic

Epoxy - acrylic

Properties

Positive

Very good weather

resistance
Very good gloss retention
Very good chemical
resistance
Very good solvent
resistance
Cures down to 0 C
Potlife (24 timer)

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Limitations

2-pack
Overcoating time

Epoxy - acrylic pints

Where to use

Segments

Ships
Offshore
Industry

Objects

New buildings / Maintenance

Above water
Indoor and outdoor

Surface preparation

Top coat on Epoxy, Epoxy

Mastic, Polyester glass flake

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Epoxy Mastic paints

Properties

Advantages
Chemically curing
Surface tolerant
Light colours
Very good water resistance
Very good wetting
properties
Good chemical resistance
High solid content
High build (Thick coats)
Winter curing agent
Dry heat resistant up to 90
C
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Limitations
Chalking
Temperature dependent
Not to be applied on

thick coats of physically

drying paints
Minimum DFT 150 m
by airless spray

Epoxy Mastic paints

Where to use

Ships
Offshore
Industry

Objects

Newbuildings / Maintenance
Ballast tanks and Cargo tanks
All exterior and interior surfaces,
above and below water

Surface preparation

St 2 to Sa 2 or Water jetted,
Magnesium descaled or shop primed
steel

Segments

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Experience
When using Epoxy paints

Correct mixing ratio

Good mixing
Potlife
Induction time
Correct pretreatment
Correct film
thickness
Adequate ventilation

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Temperature
dependent curing

Avoid high humidity

Time for fully cured

Minimum and
maximum curing
times
Use epoxy thinner
Health and epoxy

Polyurethane paints

Properties

Advantages

Very good weather

resistance
Excellent gloss
durability
Very good chemical
resistance
Very good solvent
resistance
Cures down to 0 C

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Limitations

2-pack
May cause skin

irritation
Overcoating time

Polyurethane paints

Where to use

Segments

Ships
Offshore
Industry

Objects

Newbuildings / Maintenance
All exterior substrates above
water (Also internal at times)

On top of Epoxy, Epoxy Mastic

and Polyester coatings

Surface preparation

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UV - Light

Gloss Retention for Various Paints

Gloss

Hours accelerated testing

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Zinc Epoxy

Properties
Advantages

Chemically curing
Good corrosion protection
Good adhesion
Require min. Sa 2
Good mechanical strength
May be recoated with all
types of paint, except Alkyd

Dry heat resistant up to

120 C

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Limitations

Temperature dependent
2-component
Film thickness: 25 - 50
m
Not acid- and alkaline
resistant
(Resistant between pH
5-9)

Zinc Epoxy paints

Where to use
Segments

Objects

Ships
Offshore
Industry
Newbuildings / Maintenance
All exterior and interior

objects above and below

water (as holding primer for
underwater use 20-30
microns).

Blast-cleaning to minimum Sa
Surface preparation 2
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Zinc Ethyl silicate paints

Properties

Advantages

Limitations

Very good solvent

resistance
Very high heath
resistance
(max 400 oC)
Very high mechanical
strength
Very good adhesion to
blast cleaned steel
Relatively good recoatability

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Requires humidity for

curing
2-pack
Max. DFT: 100 m
At higher DFT
tendency of mudcracking or checking

Zinc Ethyl silicate paints

Where to use

Segments

Objects

Ships
Offshore
Industry
Newbuildings / Maintenance
All exterior objects above the

Surface preparation
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waterline.
Tank coating and Water ballast
tank (No paint on top)

Blast-cleaning to minimum Sa
2

Silicone Aluminium paints

Properties

Pure silicone aluminium :

Resistant up to approximately 600C

Modified silicone aluminium :

Resistant up to approximately 400C

To be applied in thin coats only (20

m)
Heavier coats may give blistering

Remember:
To be applied on Sa 2
Overcoating only on fully cured Zinc silicate
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Glass flake Reinforced

Polyester

For protection of steel and, in certain

cases, Aluminium and concrete.

The glass-flakes are 3-5 microns thick

and 400 microns across.

Potlife : Approximately 45 minutes.

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Drying time: Approximately 3 hours.

Thickness 600 - 1500 microns per coat.

Glass flake Reinforced Polyester

Properties

Advantages
Quick curing
Variable curing time
Application with airless
Excellent mechanical
strength

Glass-flakes reduce
shrinkage, increases
mechanical strength and
water resistance.

Very good chemical

resistance

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Limitations
Temperature dependent
Short potlife
Recoating interval
2 - 12 hours

Bad curing may be

experienced on Zinc primers
and galvanised surfaces.

Vinyl ester coatings

Glass-flake reinforced Vinyl ester

coating
for protection of steel and concrete
in aggressive environments.

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Vinyl ester coatings

Advantages and limitations

Advantages

Very fast curing

Very good adhesion
Very good abrasion

resistance
Very good chemical
resistance
Very good solvent
resistance
Can be applied by
normal airless spray
Glass flakes improve
abrasion resistance

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Limitations

Temperature
dependent
Short potlife
Recoating interval
2 - 12 hours