BFC 20903 (Mechanics of Materials)

Chapter 1: Stress & Strain

Chapter Learning Outcome

1. Defined the relationship between stress
and strain
2. Analyse the stress and strain using
related equations
3. Determine and analyse the deformation
of a rod of uniform or variable cross
section under one or several load
4. Determine the principal stress using
equation and Mohrs circle method
BFC 20903 (Mechanics of Materials)
Shahrul Niza Mokhatar
(shahrul@uthm.edu.my

Introduction
Mechanics of materials is a branch of
mechanics that studies the internal effects of
stress and strain in a solid body that is
subjected to an external loading.
Stress is associated with the strength of
the material from which the body is made.
Strain is a measure of the deformation
of the body.

Type of forces
Normal force, N
Acts perpendicular to the area.
Developed when the external loads to push
or pull on the two segments of the body

Shear force, V
Shear force lies in the plane of the area.
Developed when the external loads tend to
cause the two segments of the body to slide.

Type of forces
Torque or torsional moment, T
-

Developed when the external loads tend to

twist one segments of the body with respect
to the other.

Bending moment, M
- Cause by the external loads that tend to
bend the body about an axis within the
plane of the area.

Stresses
Stress is the internal force exerted by one part of
an elastic body upon the adjoining part.

Stress has a dimension of Newton/m2

Generally, they are 6 independent components of
stress at each point.
or

Type of stress
Type of stress
Normal stress or uniaxial stress, - stress is
evenly distributed over the entire cross-section.
Normal stress includes tensile and compressive
stress
F

Shear stress, results when a force tends to

make part
of the body or one side of a plane slide past the
other.
F

Type of stress: Shear Stress

2A

F
A

Type of stress: Bearing

Stress

Bearing stress, Bearing stress is a type of

normal stress but it involves the interaction of two
surfaces. The bearing stress is the pressure
experience by the second surface due to the action
from the first surface. Example: the pressure
between bolt and plate at a joint.

F F

A tD

Example 1

Example 2

Example 2: Solution

Example 3

Example 3: Solution

Quiz 1 : Shear Stress

Quiz 1: Solution

Strain
Measure of deformation representing the
displacement between particles in the body
relative to a reference length.
Ratio of change in length due to deformation to
the original length.

It is dimensionless quantity.
Numerical values of strain are usually very small,
especially for structural materials, which ordinarily
undergo only small changes in dimensions.

Types of Strain
Normal strain - Normal strain () is the
deformation of a body which involved
elongation or contraction.
When a bar of length L and cross-sectional area
A is subjected to axial tensile force P through
the cross-section's centroid, the bar elongates.
The change in length divided by the initial
length is the bar's engineering strain. The
symbol for strain is (epsilon). The strain in an

axially loaded bar is:

Types of Strain
Shear strain - Shear strain is a strain
which involved a shear deformation i.e.
body twist due to torsion and a distorted
cuboid as shown in Figure 1.8. Strain
changes the angles of an object and shear
causes lines to rotate.

aa'
L

Stress & Strain

relationships

Stress & strain

relationships
Elastic Proportional Limit (Hooke's Law)
From the origin O to the point called proportional limit, the stress-strain
curve is a straight line.

Stress & Strain relationships

Elastic Limit
The elastic limit is the limit beyond which the material will no longer go
back to its original shape when the load is removed, or it is the maximum
stress that may be developed such that there is no permanent or residual
deformation when the load is entirely removed.
Yield Point/ Yield Strength
Yield point is the point at which the material will have an appreciable
elongation or yielding without any increase in load. The material is said
to undergo plastic deformation.
Strain hardening
Point C to D is called as strain hardening region whereas the curve rises
gradually until it flatten at D. The stress which correspond to point D is
called ultimate strength/stress
Ultimate Strength/Stress
The maximum ordinate in the stress-strain diagram is the ultimate
strength or tensile strength.
Rapture Strength (Fracture)
Rapture strength is the strength of the material at rupture. This is also
known as the breaking strength (final point).

Offset method
Beside steel, other materials such as aluminium, glass, brass and zinc,
constant yielding will not occur beyond the elastic range. This metal often
does not have a well defined yield point. Therefore, the standard practice to
define yield strength for this metal is graphical procedure called the offset
method. Normally a 0.2% (0.002 mm/mm) is chosen, and from this point on
the strain () axis, a line parallel to the initial straight-line portion of the
stress-strain diagram is drawn. The point where this line intersects the curves
defines the yield strength.

Example 5

Example 5: Solution

From the graph:

(a) E = 112.07/0.00125
(b) y = 230 N/mm2
(c) max = 270 N/mm2

Hookes Law
Stiffness; Modulus Young Stiffness is a
material's ability to resist deformation. The
stiffness of a material is defined through
Hooke's Law.
Young's Modulus is the slope of the linearelastic region of the stress-strain curve.

Hookes Law
E
where E is Young's Modulus (the modulus of
elasticity), a material property. Values of E for
different materials are obtained experimentally
from stress-strain curves.
From Hookes Law, the displacement can be
derived:
Consider a homogenous rod BC of length L and
uniform cross section of area A subjected to a
centric axial load P (Figure).
If the resulting axial stress = P/A does not
exceed the proportional limit of the material, the
Hookes law can be apply and write as follow:

Poisson ratio
Poisson's ratio is the ratio of lateral contraction
strain to longitudinal extension strain in the
direction of stretching force.

Tensile deformation is considered positive and

compressive deformation is considered
negative. The definition of Poisson's ratio
contains a minus sign so that normal materials
have a positive ratio. Poisson's ratio, also called
Poisson ratio or the Poisson
lateral coefficient.

Poisson's ratio is a materials

logitudinal property.

Example 6

Working stress,
permissible stress and temperature stress

Temperature stress
An object will expand when heated and contract
when the temperature drops.
Since this is the effect of temperature on the
member then the corresponding stress and
strain are called temperature stress and
temperature strain.
The variation of the length due to temperature
change depends upon its coefficient of linear
expansion or contraction where is the
change in length for a unit change of
temperature per unit original length.

Example 7: Tutorial

Example 7 : Solution

Assignment 1: Individu

Plane Stress and Mohr Circle

Stress Analysis Using Equation and Mohr

Diagram Method

Rotation angle,
Clockwise ve
Counterclockwise
+ve

Principal stresses occur on the principal planes of stress with

zero shear
stress

Maximum shearing stress

Normal stress on the y and xaxis

Shear stress corresponds to x and y

Example 8
For the state of plane stress shown, determine
(a) the principal stress
(b) principal planes
(c)maximum shear stress

Example 8: Solution

Example 9: Tutorial
The state of plane stress at a failure point on shaft as
shown in Fig. Represent this stress state in terms of its
principal stresses

Example 9: Solution
From the established sign convention, we have
x = -20 MPa, y = 90 MPa, xy = 60 MPa

Orientation of element
tan 2 p

2 xy

x y

2(60)
47.49 0 p 2 23.7 0
( 20 90)

Recall that must be measured positive counterclockwise

from the x axis to the outward normal (x axis) on the face of
the element.

Example 9: Solution
Principal stress

max, min

x y
2

20 90
x
y
2

xy

2
2

max 116 MPa

20 90
2
60
2

min 46.4 MPa

Example 9: Solution
The principal plane on which each normal stress
acts can be determined with p2 = -23.70

x'

x y

x y

cos 2 xy sin 2

2
2
20 90 20 90
x'

cos 2(23.7 0 ) 60 sin 2(23.7 0 )

2
2

x ' 46.4 MPa

Example 10
The state of plane stress at a point on a body is
represented on the element as shown in Fig.
Represent this stress state in terms of maximum inplane shear stress and associated average normal
stress

From the established sign convention, we have

x = -20 MPa, y = 90 MPa, xy = 60 MPa

Example 10: Solution

Orientation of element
x y (20 90)
tan 2 s 2

42.50 s 2 21.30
2 xy
2(60)
Note how these angles are formed between x and x axes.

Maximum in-plane shear stress

max

x y

2
2

xy

20 90
2

(60) 2 81.4 MPa

The shear stress corresponding to s2 = 21.30 can be

x y
determined by
xy '
sin 2 xy cos 2

xy '

20 90

sin 2( 21.30 ) 60 cos 2( 21.30 ) 81 .4 MPa

2

This positive result indicates that max = xy acts in the positive

y direction on this face ( = 21.30).

x y

avg stress

Average normal
2

20 90
35 MPa
2

Mohr Circle

Mohrs circle can be used to determine the principal stresses, the

maximum in-plane shear stress and average normal stress or the
stress on any arbitrary plane.

By adding and squaring each equation, the value of can be eliminated

Mohr Circle: Two manners

Example 11
Using Mohrs cirlce method. Determine:
(a) normal and shearing stresses after
rotated 400
(b) principal stress
(c)maximum shear stress

Example 11: Solution

Determine the centre line, C and radius of Mohrs circle R
C
=

Determine the coordinate A and A as a stress on x and y

A ( = 15 Mpa and = 4 Mpa)
A ( = 5 Mpa and = - 4 Mpa)

 (-ve)

max = 16.4
x = 14.81

A (5,- 4)

xy = -4
60.670

Q
C

38.660

min = 3.6

y = 5.19

Determine the angle of ACP,

location of plane for the
maximum stress
tan 2 = 4/5 =
38.660
p = 19.330
Determine B as a plane of x
corresponds to the angle of
400
2 = 800 from A
Angle BCP = 800- p = 60.670
(a) So, stress on xis point B
and stress on yis point B

0
A (15, 4) x = 10 + 6.4cos 41.34 = 14.81 MPa
xy = -6.4sin 41.340 = -4.23 MPa

y = 10 - 6.4cos 41.340 = 5.19 MPa

xy = 6.4sin 41.340 = 4.23 MPa
x= 15
(+ve)

(b) Principal stress is point P

and Q
(c) Max shear stress is point S

3.6 MPa
5.19 MPa

16.4 MPa
p = 19.30

14.81 MPa
= 400
4.23 MPa

Stress on principal
plane

Stress on plane after

rotated 400

6.4 MPa
smax = 900 - 38.660 = 25.670
Shear stress on the
shear plane

- END -