Key Concepts in Environmental Planning: © Ecopolis 2009 ® Page 1

Key Concepts in
Environmental Planning
ECOPOLIS 2009 PAGE 1
What is Planning? (common sense)

Planning is a way of thinking oriented towards the future
that anticipates change and designs solutions to address
expected difficulties and thereby improve the quality of
decision-making
Planning is essentially problem-solving. It is a systematic
process of establishing ends (goals, policies, outcomes)
that define direction of future development and of
determining means and procedures to achieve the end.
Generic Planning is ubiquitous it can be done by
anyone anytime anywhere
But professional planning is governed by professional
principles, standards and laws.
What is Planning? (common sense)

As an activity, its primary concern is to visualize future
possibilities and intentionally choose, guide, and/or create
current behaviours, structures, and/or tools to achieve
and/or target toward desirable future states.
As a process, it refers to the methods, mechanisms
and tools for accomplishing the activity, especially in a
group or social context.
As a discipline, it refers to the body of knowledge,
related to all aspects of planning, held symbolically or in
the minds of practitioners, researches, and theorists.
As a profession, it refers to the group of individuals
carrying appropriate skill sets who fulfill an agreed upon
social responsibility to guide these processes.
What is Planning? (academic)

Planning is a sequence of deliberate purposeful
actions designed to solve problems systematically,
by foreseeing and guiding change through rational
decisions, reconciling public and private aims, and
arbitrating between competing social, economic,
political and physical forces.
Planning allocates scarce resources, particularly land
and other resources, in such a manner as to obtain the
maximum practicable efficiency and benefit, for
individuals and for society as a whole, while respecting
the needs of Nature and the requirements of a
sustainable future.
What is of Environmental Planning? (Legal

Definition)
refers to activities connected with the
management and development of land, as
well as the preservation, conservation and
management of the human environment
Presidential Decree No. 1308, March 2, 1978
Objective is to liberate communities from

urban blight and congestion and promote
ecological balance
PD 933, series of 1976, Decree Creating the

Human Settlements Commission, later HSRC,
later HLURB
Urban
Development
and
Settlements
Utilities and
Social Services
Farming
and
Fisheries
Critical
Ecosystems
and Natural
Habitats
Land Use
System
Transportation
System
Water
Resources
System
Cultural
institutions,
historic places
to preserve
Academic Definitions of Planning
Planning is a deliberate, organized and continuous process of identifying different elements and
aspects of the environment, determining their present state and interaction, projecting them in
concert throughout a period of time in the future and formulating and programming a set of actions
or interventions to attain desired results. Planning pays particular attention to the location, form,
intensity and effect of human activities on the built and un-built environments, anticipating change,
and managing such change sustainably.
URP refers to the scientific, orderly, and aesthetic disposition of land, buildings, resources, facilities
and communication routes, in use and in development, with a view to obviating congestion and
securing the maximum practicable degree of economy, efficiency, convenience, sound environment,
beauty, health and well-being in urban and rural communities" (Canadian Institute of Planners, ca.
1919)
URP is the unified development of urban communities and their environs and of states, regions, and
the nation as a whole, as expressed through determination of the comprehensive arrangement of
land uses and land occupancy and their regulation (American Institute of Certified Planners AICP)
URP is an art of anticipating change, and arbitrating between the economic, social, political and
physical forces that determine the location, form, intensity, and effect of urban development; it is
concerned with providing the right site at the right time, in the right place for the right people (John
Ratcliffe)
URP pays attention to the manner by which collective goals and decisions become embedded in
public policies and programs.
Cities and towns are not just human communities or political-administrative territories but part of and
wider natural environment.
Urban &
Regional
Planning is
PlaceMaking
creating
livable
human
spaces and
natural
communities
Some Shifts in Modern Planning

Before, Product-Oriented; now
Process-Oriented. Planning process
is as important as planning output.
Before, All-Inclusive; now Strategic
Before, Compartmental due to
administrative boundaries; now
Integrated (Trans-border)
Before, Agency-led; now
Community-Based
Before, Top-Down; now BottomUp
Before, Open Participation; now
Focused Participation
Attributes of Planning Process
SCIENCE AND ART requires quantifiable tools as well as

subjective creativity
MULTI-DISCIPLINARY Requires the expertise of various
disciplines; economics; engineering; sociology; architecture;
law; geography etc.
COMPREHENSIVE: Covers all aspects of man/women and
his/her environment; physical, social, economics, political
administration and the natural environment. participatory
DYNAMIC: Changes overtime, technological change;
cultural norms and traditions; not static; responsive to new
demands and needs of people.
CONTINUOUS / ITERATIVE: Plan is prepared, approved,
implemented; reviewed and evaluated; replan again based on
new demands of the time.
PARTICIPATORY: values the engagement of multiple
stakeholders.
CYCLIC / SPIRAL: Unending process; Always goes back to
where it started; Were the problems solved? Goals and
objectives attained? At what level of satisfaction?
TIME BOUND: Plan must have a time perspective; short,
medium, long range; Basis for plan review and assessment.
Levels of Planning
Scope or Coverage of Planning
Narrow: Perspective, Concept, Framework,

Moderate: Framework Structure, Developmental
Broad: Integrated, Comprehensive, Detailed
Timeframe/Duration of Plan
Short Term 1-3 years e.g. expenditure plan

Medium Term 5-7 years e.g. development plan
Long Term 10 years e.g. CLUP
30-50 years e.g. Masterplan
Time-horizon of the envisaged future varies according to the type
and level of planning
Why does Planning have to be ethical?

Niccolo Machiavellis amoral
philosophy of expediency in The
Prince (1532):
The ends justify the means.
Whatever it takes to kill the cat.
Correct Ethics: The ends and the

means have to justify each other.
Consistency and Connectedness
between Intention and Action.
Correct Science: Need for
Congruence between Objectives
and Outcomes. Compatibility
between Goals and Methods.
Planning and the State

STATEs main instrument is the
GOVERNMENT : sphere of power.
Planning seeks to direct and to control the form
of the built environment in the interest of
society as a whole; power is necessary to carry
out plans.
Planning in the public domain is conflictive and
therefore political, involves compromises
between contending groups
Planning cannot be isolated from the political
context of the city or region because policy
decisions affect local interests.
At times, planning becomes a practice of what
is feasible politically instead of what is
technically efficient and effective. (Campbell &
Fainstein 1997:1)
Macro-level policies have impact on micro-level
site, and these policies will influence peoples
lives if not affect them adversely.
CIVIL
SOCIETY
PROD.
SECTOR
MARKET
(Business)
POLITY
(State)
Planning and The Market

MARKET / BUSINESS SECTOR : generates
goods, jobs, and incomes for economic survival
The planner has to operate alongside the market,
directly influencing and frequently assisting its
functioning, but in a manner that takes account of
both public and private interests
Without town planning, land would be apportioned
between competing uses by the price mechanism
and interaction of supply and demand
The market, operating alone, does not provide the
most appropriate location for what are generally
described as the non-profit making uses of land
(e.g., open spaces, roads and bridges, etc.)
However, correct siting of these lands can make
land uses more profitable
Thus, planning assists the market in becoming
more efficient.
Planning and Civil Society: Why does Planning

have to be participatory?
Civil Society: sphere of citizen groups, civic institutions, civic
values; facilitates political and social interaction by mobilizing
groups to participate in economic, social, political activities
Process-oriented means engaging and involving people in
various phases/stages
People are important because they ultimately execute the Plan; they are
the main actors of development.
Hence, Experts have to plan with the people and not for the people.
Participation and sharing help people overcome inertia and believe that
change is possible. Change We Need, Yes We Can!
It is necessary to build consensus to legitimize and carry out the Plan;
Plan provides alternative solutions that have to be acceptable to the
people. Social Acceptability
Because Planning decisions create tangible impact, (roads, parks, etc.),
plan often involves matters in which the people have large emotional
stakes
Planning often has large financial consequences on the part of the
public. Plans are directly linked to taxes and property values; people
eventually pay for the plan.
Citizens who might know more about their locality tend not to defer to
external planners; they have to be involved in the process of planning or
else they become a major force of resistance.
What is Urban Place?

There is no commonly-agreed international definition of
what constitutes urban; it varies from country to country
as the United Nations has left it to individual countries.
Sweden = at least 200 population

United States = at least 2,500 population, densely settled.
Philippines = density at least 1,000 persons per sq.km or 10
persons per hectare, with grid-iron or analogous settlement design
India = at least 5,000, with 75% of adult males employed in nonagricultural work
Switzerland = at least 10,000 population
Japan = at least 30,000 population
Some countries revise definitions of urban settlements to suit
specific purposes; China revised its census definitions with criteria
that vary from province to province causing their urban population
to swell by 13 percent in 1983.
Land Re-classification by legislative fiat can label as urban many
areas even though they are essentially rural in character.
Philippine Definition of Urban Place
National Statistics Office -- operational rather than conceptual definition
Urban and Rural Areas - the same concepts used in the 1970, 1975, 1980, 1990, 2000
censuses were followed in classifying areas as urban.
According to these concepts, an area is considered urban if:

a) In their entirety all cities and municipalities having a population density of at least 1,000
persons per square kilometer;
b) Poblaciones or central districts of municipalities and cities which have a population
density of at least 500 persons per square kilometer;
c) Poblaciones or central districts (not included in 1 and above), regardless of the
population size which have the following:
a) Street pattern, i.e., network of streets in either parallel or right angle orientation;
b) At least six (6) establishments (commercial, manufacturing, recreational and/or
personal services); and
c) At least three of the following:
i. A town hall, church or chapel with religious services at least once a month;
ii. A public plaza, park or cemetery;
iii. A market place or building where trading activities are carried on at least once
a week;
iv. A public building like school, hospital, puericulture or health center and library.
4. Barangays having at least 1,000 inhabitants which meet the conditions set forth in 3
above, and where the occupation of the inhabitants is predominantly non-fishing.
All areas not falling under any of the above classifications are considered rural.
Urban Place versus City
Urban is determined by physico-spatial, economic, demographic and cultural

characteristics
While modern concept of city is defined by charter or Legal Act after complying with
income, territorial size, population, referendum requirements.
Some urban areas are not cities and might not qualify as cities, e.g. poblaciones, town
centers, Municipality of Pateros is thoroughly urban but not a city.
City from civitat (community), civis (citizen), Old French cite, in ancient Greece, polis for
city-state
Modern concept of City is an important permanent settlement possessing the
characteristics of size, density and heterogeneity, whose people are granted a substantial
level of self-governance by central authority by means of a Statute or Charter.
Both urban areas and cities are non-ubiquitous in geographical space and perform
functions over a service area. They reflect the level of a societys development.
Common characteristics of Urban Place and City are that they are aggregations of
people to better realize some activities and perform vital functions. Distinguishing
characteristics of urban are:
Population size
rural has relatively small population, usually kinship-based.
Population density
rural population is dispersed, to be near farms and fisheries.
Cultural heterogeneity rural culture is rather homogenous, with strong social controls.
Multiple Functions
rural tends to be self-contained, focused on its own people &
economy
Level of Administration rural is concerned only of its territory while urban administers
multiple
jurisdictions.
What is a Region?
Region refers to a city or central place plus the outlying
territories that are functionally integrated with it.
Region is based on natural/physical as well as
economic/political relationships between urban areas
and its surrounding rural territories
Economic linkages
Extent of urban influence on non-urban areas. e.g. journeys to
work
Extent of urban dependence on non-urban territories for food,
water and labor supplies, etc.
Production and consumption functions: Industries, commerce,
trade
Infrastructure linkages
Major Transport nodes

Utility trunks water purification plants, power supply
Areas performing sink-functions of city, e.g. landfill, MRF, STP
Common Definitions
SECTOR is an element or sub-system of a whole having coherent functions and
subject to common-thematic type of planning.
PROGRAM is a collection of complementary projects/activities formulated to
achieve the functions/objectives of a sector. Programs describe in detail the kind
and quantities of resources to be used.
PROJECT is a self-contained unit of investment aimed at developing resources and
facilities within a limited area within a given time period. A project deals with
goods and services significant to the accomplishment of national, regional and
local development plans.
CONCEPT PLAN the output of the first stage activities in the preparation of a
development plan. It consists of an overall growth pattern, strategy, sectoral
policies and population and employment target and forecasts.
DEVELOPMENT PLAN is a series of written statements accompanied by maps,
illustrations and diagrams which describe what the community wants to become
and how it wants to develop. It is essentially composed of community goals,
objectives, policies, programs and a land use/physical development plan which
translates the various sectoral plans.
CONSULTATION is the process of obtaining technical advice or opinion which may
be or may not be followed.
Common Definitions
VALUES something that is prized or held dear, such as core beliefs of
person or group in which they have an emotional investment
PRINCIPLES axiomatic statements of how values are related and
ranked in relation to other values
NORMS broad value-based notions that are stated in a way that they
can serve to regulate behavior
STANDARDS principles and norms formulated in such a way that they
can be measured. Standards are accepted criteria or established
measures for determining or evaluating performance.
GOALS broad, long-term ends towards which a collectivity should aim;
always related to community/group situation or organizational
structure
OBJECTIVES operational reformulation of goals so that they can be
doable / implementable for a defined period (e.g. project, cycle,
phase, etc.).(Specific, Measurable, Attainable, Realistic, and TimeBounded or SMART)
Planning Theory
Major Schools of Thought in Planning

Planning as Social Physics (positivist Regional
Science and Regional Economics) Planning aims to
discover presumed natural laws or regular occurrences in
social phenomena so that these phenomena can be
better predicted and managed.
Planning and Social Darwinism Planning studies
human societies as biological organisms subject to the
laws of natural evolution such as competition, adaptation,
predation, parasitism, co-evolution, survival of the fittest,
matira ang matibay, etc.
Planning as Social Engineering Planning is a State
function that aims to create purposive change by directing
human behavior through a combination of persuasive and
coercive strategies.
Major Schools of Thought in Planning

Instrumentalist View Planning needs no theoretical
mooring and has no inherent value apart from its being a
pragmatic tool to bring about results.
Planning as Communicative Action Planning aims to
understand & describe social interaction among sectors
for meaningful community discourse, harmonization of
interests, and collaborative action (interpretive and transactive)
Critical or Radical Planning Planning aims to smash
myths and mobilize people to radically (radix, i.e. roots)
change structures of domination & subjugation in society.
Systems Theory of Planning Planning functions like a
machine or computer unit that utilizes information and
feedback in an iterative, cyclical, self-feeding fashion
inorder to effectively describe, simulate, forecast, and
project societal conditions.
Incremental Planning also called

Disjointed Incrementalism
Charles Lindbloom -- "the science of muddling through." also called
"disjointed incrementalism or partisan mutual adjustment"
Unified public interest can not be defined; instead it is determined
through negotiation and political compromises. push and tug of
decentralized bargaining processes best suited to a free market.
Plan is determined through politics; Planner acts as mediator to
determine common interest.
At times, planning becomes a practice of what is feasible politically
instead of what is technically efficient and effective. (Campbell &
Fainstein 1997:1)
Policy-makers have cognitive limits they cannot optimize
decision-making (the best possible decision), they can only
satisfice (compromise)
Hence, Decision-making is a succession of approximations.
CRITIQUE: When there is no overall theory or general principle that
guide inquiry, actions tend to become
Disjointed, segmented, incoherent, and un-integrated
Actions are Casuistic case-to-case basis
Over time, decisions will tend to negate or nullify each other
amidst changing circumstances and evolving conditions of the
ECOPOLIS 2009landscape.
PAGE 25
Systems Theory of Planning
Norbert Wiener
Cybernetics (Norbert Wiener,1948;Ashby,1956) interdisciplinary science

dealing with communication and control systems in living organisms, machines,
and organizations
System is a set or group of interconnected components interacting to form a
unity or integrated whole. Relationships tie the system together
Crude Depiction of Linear System: Input Throughput (Process) - Output
Cyclical System free-flowing circuit
Flows Through the System Flow of Energy or Matter Flow of Information /
Feedback
Iteration -- executing the same set of instructions a given number of times or
until a specified result is obtained; completion of a to-and-fro process
Systems Theory of Planning
System Description Scan, Profiling,

Goal Formulation
System Modelling Projection of Goals,
Forecasting, Scenario Building
System Projection Evaluation of
Scenarios and Projections
System Synthesis Evaluation of
Alternatives
System Control Evaluation of
Performances
Systems Planning Approach by

George Chadwick
Goal Formulation
System Description
Projection of goals
System Modelling
Evaluation of projection
System projection
Evaluation of alternatives
System Synthesis
Evaluation of
performance
System Control
FEEDBACK
FEEDBACK
Problem Finding
Allan Wilsons Linear Planning Process

1. Action
2. Goals
POLICY
3. Evaluation
4. Plan Formulation
5. Design techniques
DESIGN
6. Problem Formulation
7. System Models
8. Techniques
UNDERSTANDING
Advocacy or Activist Planning
Activist or Advocacy Planning -- Planners should advocate for

those who are powerless and disenfranchised. Goals are Social
justice and Equity in Housing, provision of services, Environment.
Planners should work for the redistribution of power and resources
to the powerless and the disadvantaged; to defend the interests of
weak and the poor against the established powers of business and
government.
Paul Davidoff (1965): calls for development of plural plans rather
than a unit plan. pluralistic view of politics and governance. public
interest is not scientific but is political.
Saul David Alinsky (Rules for Radicals, 1971) Conflict Pragmatics
or Conflict Confrontation as Philosophy in Community Organizing
highlight victimization of the last, the least, and the lost.
Urban demolitions caused by Gentrification were the context of

Community Organizing anarcho-syndicalist approach by Saul David
Alinsky and Herbert Whyte mobilizations without Marxist/Maoist
ideology
shifted formulation of social policy from backroom negotiations out into
the open.
Paul
Davidoff
Saul David Alinsky

Allan
Heskin
Advocacy planning has both reflected and contributed to a general

trend in planning away from neutral objectivity in definition of social
problems, in favor of applying more explicit principles of social
justice.
Sherry Arnstein: Eight Rungs in the Ladder of Citizen Participation
(1969)
Norman Krumholtz, Allan D.Heskin (1977); Paul Blumberg, 1968;
Carole Paterman, 1970 ; Paul Bernstein, 1976
Norman Krumholtz
Communicative Planning
Frankfurt School of Social Critical Theory;
Jrgen Habermas, The Last of the Great
Modernists and his followers in North
America John Forester, Anthony Giddens,
Patsy Healy, D. Hill
Planning is more transactive (dialectical, toand-fro) finding common ground and
common aspirations among conflicting
groups or divergent traditions; rather than
transactional (casuistic compromises for
short-term benefit)
Institutional oppression limits ability of all to
have their interests met. Group interest has
to be determined through dialogue.
Dialogue between Systems of Rationality
(economics, science, capitalism, technology)
and the Life-world (sphere of family, culture,
non-monetary values)
Rational Dialogue based on Trust,
Intersectoral Collaboration, Inclusivity,
deliberative democracy.
Communicative
Rationality
(Science, Tech,
Reason)
Communicative
Competence
(enabling rather
than
dominating,
Civil Society,
Family, Mass
Media)
Communicative
Action (agreement
with others,
democratic
decision-making,
collaborative
action)
Traditional Planning Approach

The Master Plan Approach or Imperative Planning - a
grand one-shot attempt, its end-product is long range (20
40 years) affecting one whole generation, but can be
massively disastrous when in error
Daniel Burnham
Requires full control and full powers of Sovereign who
authorizes the plan
Tends to be top-down or implementing only the
dominant vision of an authoritative leader or clique;
Strong on physical planning; comprehensive in terms of
physical design (architecture, engineering, etc) but
inadequate in terms of social & other forms of analysis
Tends to be atavistic pining for a throwback or
Classical or Neo-Classical Golden Age in distant past
Seems to be more applicable in planning tabula rasa
planning from scratch, where there is empty land and no
people occupying it, but not when cities are already
settled; wherein public consent has to be solicited.
Rational-Adaptive-Comprehensive or
Synoptic Planning
Sir Patrick
Geddes and
Lewis
Mumford
Uses Reason more intensively -- rational or scientific tools

Adjusts or Adapts to Local Demands, Limitations & Peculiarities; adaptive element was
influenced by the tenet of Systems Theory that the only thing permanent is change
Has roots in Geddes Survey-Analysis-Plan (SAP)-- theoretically benefits the whole of
society and the larger natural environment
Comprehensive because it tends to cover all bases, all aspects, all sectors, hence
overwhelming in terms of information quantity
Data overload massive, extensive, voluminous-- neophytes can get lost in the maze.
Challenge is not to miss the trees as you walk through the forest
Process is long and tedious, realistically not less than four months it can not make quick
decisions
Has a window for participation, allows many people from all walks of life to contribute.
Tends to be static within its own time-frame; needs to be constantly updated after each
planning period (e.g. every three years)
Tends to be utopian in its belief that all people are driven by Reason and good intentions
Planner can be likened to an Expert-Scientist, Technical Specialist, Forecaster who is
making a prognosis, educating the public on future scenarios.
Because it is wide-open process, it can be dominated by Powers-That-Be or by Vested
Interests who seek to upstage the Planner-Scientist
synoptic planning is criticized for its a-priori goal setting that experts and people already
know the common good before undertaking planning, it presumes a general public
interest rather than pluralist interest; with the high importance given to role of Experts, it
also has tendency to centralize or control
utopian, normative, technocratic
Rational-Adaptive-Comprehensive or
Synoptic Planning
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Decide to plan
Analyze the situation/formulate problem
Formulate Goals and Objectives
Identify and design alternative strategies /
project & forecast / build scenarios /
Simulation and Modelling
Assess alternatives by tracing their
consequences
Decide / Select course of action
Implement the plan action through public
investment and private investment
Evaluate the plan; seek feedback for plan
review or Re-planning
Sir Patrick
Geddes and
Lewis
Mumford
Rational-Adaptive or Synoptic Planning

FORMULATE PROBLEM
PLAN
CHECK
ACT
PUBLIC PARTICIPATION
DO
FORMULATE GOALS
IDENTIFY
ALTERNATIVES
EVALUATE
ALTERNATIVES
SELECT THE BEST
ALTERNATIVE
PLAN IMPLEMENTATION
EVALUATION
&
The
Planning
Process is
Cyclical
Brian
McLoughlin,
Strategic Planning
Strategic Planning is interwoven into Management. It is
not separate and distinct from the process of Strategic
Management
It is an aggressive pursuit of change through a potent
strategy that can bring optimal results
Ensures that all options are explored and that most
appropriate option is selected
Does not need comprehensive or voluminous data but
only manageable data relevant to strategic issues
Can be used in conjunction with broader forms of planning
Tends to focus more on economic, physical,
infrastructural, institutional solutions that often benefit the
enthusiastic lead actors and lead sectors who carry it out;
Strong on designing a fit organization led by champions
who carry out change
Strong on establishing performance standards and on
measuring results
Tends to gloss over deep-seated, complex, value-based or
culture-based problems that have no overnight solutions;
e.g. social transformation
Dr. Henry
Mintzberg
Strategic Planning
Identify context of
strategic iisues
Sort complete information
Employ analytical tools
SWOT analysis
Identify Strategic
alternatives
Evaluate alternatives
(values, cost-benefit)
Select the best
alternative
Plan Implementation
Evaluation
AGENCY
INTERNAL ENVIRONMENT
Key Aspects of Strategic

Planning
Future-focused
Client-driven
Outcome and resultsoriented
High involvement:
workforce, clients,
suppliers, partners
Dynamic
AGENCY
EXTERNAL ENVIRONMENT
A continuous learning process

that defines the purpose of an
organization and how it will
achieve performance results that
lead to its desired state
Identify strategic issues
Strategic Planning Process
1. Initiate and agree on a strategic planning process;

2. Identify organization mandates; clarify organization
mission and values;
3. Scan and assess the external (opportunities and
threats) and internal environments (strengths and
weaknesses); undertake external & internal analysis
4. Select key issues
5. Set broad mission statement; Develop goals and
objectives with respect to each other
6. Develop strategy; future trajectory
7. Identify and quantify inputs; Identify and quantify
outputs; validate the efficiency of the strategy
8. Establish an effective organization for the future.
9. Develop and plan implementation to carry out strategic
actions
10. Monitor outcomes, calculate impact, compare to
objectives, update and review plan
Strategic
Planning
Process
Environmental Planning as
Profession
refers to activities connected with the
management and development of land, as
well as the preservation, conservation and
management of the human environment
Presidential Decree No. 1308, March 2, 1978
Objective is to liberate communities from

urban blight and congestion and promote
ecological balance
PD 933, series of 1976
Scope of Practice of ENP under PD 1308

Sec. 3, March 2, 1978
the practice of environmental planning, within the meaning and
intent of this Decree shall embrace, inter alia, professional services
in the form of technical consultation, plan preparation, and/or
implementation involving the following:
(a) Development of a community, town, city, or region;
(b) Development of a site for a particular need such as housing, centers
for activities concerned with research, education, culture, recreation,
or government, industrial estates, agriculture, and water resources,
including creating a spatial arrangements of buildings, utilities and
communication routes;
(c) Land use and zoning plans for the management and development
preservation, conservation, rehabilitation, and control of the
environment; and
(d) Pre-investment, pre-feasibility, and feasibility studies.
Scope of Practice of ENP under Senate Bill 2482, v. 2008

(a) Providing professional services in the form of technical consultation, plan preparation,
capacity building, and monitoring and evaluation of implementation involving the following:
(1) preparation of national, regional or local development and/or physical framework and land use
plans;
(2) preparation of comprehensive land use plans, zoning, and related ordinances, codes, and other
legal issuances for the management and development, preservation, conservation, rehabilitation,
regulation, and control of the environment, including water resources;
(3) development, conservation, redevelopment, and revitalization of barangay, municipality, city,
province, region or any portion or combination thereof; and
(4) development of a site for a particular need, such as economic or ecological zones; tourism
development zones; and housing and other estate development projects, including creating a
spatial arrangement of buildings, utilities, transport, and communications;
(b) In relation to any of the activities enumerated in (a) above, preparing the following studies:
(1) Pre-feasibility, feasibility, and other related concerns; (2) Environmental assessments; and (3)
Institutional, administrative or legal systems;
(c) Teaching, lecturing or reviewing any professional subject included in the curriculum and in
the licensure examinations for environmental planning;
(d) Serving as expert witness, resource person, lecturer, juror or arbitrator in hearings,
competitions, exhibitions, and other public fora; and
(e) Ensuring compliance with environmental laws including acquisition of regulatory permits.
Fields of Planning
Land Use
Urban and rural
community development
Urban design
Development Control
Resources
Environment
Recreation
Management
Politics
Tourism
Heritage
Transportation
Waste Management
Health and Social
Services
Housing
Economic Development
Policy, Education
Information systems
Code of Ethics of Environmental Planners (Adopted by first

PIEP Board of Directors May 28, 1977; Adopted again by
Board in 1997)
Outline of Contents
Article I- Foreword and Construction
Article II- Declaration of Principles
Article III- Responsibility to the Profession and the Organization
Article IV- Initiative, Discipline and Responsibility
Article V- Responsibility to Co-Professionals
Article VI- Relationship to Client
Article VII- Responsibility to the Public and to the Country
Article VIII- Penal Provisions
Article IX- Effectivity
The Professional agrees to conduct his/her business in accordance with the
following:
- Client Service
- Representation of Qualification
- Standards of Practice
- Fair Competition
- Integrity of the Profession
- Professional Development
- Public Welfare
- Release of Information
GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF
PROFESSIONAL CONDUCT
Ethical awareness
Ethical competency
SPECIFIC PRINCIPLES OF
Service to Others - protection of life, property and
public welfare; heroic sacrifice and genuine
selflessness
Integrity and Objectivity - highest sense of integrity
and imbued with nationalism and spiritual values
Professional Competence - knowledge, technical
skills, attitudes and experience
Solidarity and Team Work - support to one
organization for all members putting the broader
interest of the profession above ones personal
ambition and preference
SPECIFIC PRINCIPLES OF
Social and Civic Responsibility - due consideration
of the broader interest of the publics; contribute to
attainment of the countrys national objectives
Global Competitiveness - open to challenges of a
more dynamic and interconnected world;
professional practice at global standards level and
global best practices
Equality of all Professions - all professions
considered equally important, yet distinct, service to
society; all professionals to treat each other with
respect and fairness.
(PIEP 2004 National Convention, Quezon City, 13 November 2004)
Roles of a Planner
Planner as Regulator
Planner as Policy Advisor
Planner as Designer
Planner as Visionary
Planner as Mediator
Planner as Facilitator
Planner as Advocate
Planner as Educator
Implements
government
rules and
standards
Works as private
consultant, creates
and promotes own
plan
Reconciles
conflicting
interests of
contending
groups in
society
Advances the
civic agenda of
the general public
State of Local Development Planning

Urban focused land use plans Many CLUPs do not have
detailed local land use policies for production, protection,
and coastal zones
Tendency of LGUs to overestimate projected requirements
in reclassifying agricultural lands
Many land use plans are not linked with economic
levers or drivers such as taxation and investment
incentives,and livelihood / poverty alleviation strategies ;
LGUs with good action plans, including CDS cities have
not prepared or have outdated conceptual or
comprehensive development plans
Some LGUs have recycled plans to meet requirements of
two or more donor programs
List of LGU Plan documents required by National

Government Agencies (source: DILG)
NGA-mandated plans
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
Action Plan for the Protection of

Children
AFMA / SAFDZ Plan
Annual Culture and the Arts Plan
Anti-Poverty Reduction Plan
Local Coconut Development Plan
Disaster Management Plan
Food Security Plan
Forest Management Plan
Gender and Development Plan
Integrated Area Community Peace and
Order and Public Safety Plan
Local Entrepreneurship Development
Plan
Sustainable Area Development Plan
Local Tourism Plan
Small and Medium Enterprise
Development Plan
Solid Waste Management Plan
Watershed Management Plan
Revenue Generation Plan
Other sectoral plans

mentioned
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
Nutrition Action Plan

ICT Plan
Local Shelter Plan
ADSDPP
Plan for the Elderly
Plan for Health and Family
Planning
Coastal Management Plan
Information Strategic and
Management Plan
Traffic Management Plan
Multiplicity of LGU Plan documents

Only 11 out of 27 NGA-mandated plans can be recalled
by LGUs
Disaster Management Plan & the Solid Waste
Management Plan were considered most useful
LPRAP & GAD were consistently mentioned as
unnecessary
38% of NGA-mandated plans have not been
formulated
No sanctions anyway
Plans were not considered necessary or beneficial
Repetitive
No focal person to steer the plan formulation process

Key Concepts in Environmental Planning: © Ecopolis 2009 ® Page 1

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Key Concepts in Environmental Planning: © Ecopolis 2009 ® Page 1

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Key Concepts in

ECOPOLIS 2009 PAGE 1

What is Planning? (common sense)

ECOPOLIS 2009 PAGE 2

What is Planning? (common sense)

ECOPOLIS 2009 PAGE 3

What is Planning? (academic)

ECOPOLIS 2009 PAGE 4

What is of Environmental Planning? (Legal

Objective is to liberate communities from

PD 933, series of 1976, Decree Creating the

ECOPOLIS 2009 PAGE 5

ECOPOLIS 2009 PAGE 6

Academic Definitions of Planning

ECOPOLIS 2009 PAGE 7

Some Shifts in Modern Planning

ECOPOLIS 2009 PAGE 9

Attributes of Planning Process

SCIENCE AND ART requires quantifiable tools as well as

ECOPOLIS 2009 PAGE 10

Narrow: Perspective, Concept, Framework,

Short Term 1-3 years e.g. expenditure plan

ECOPOLIS 2009 PAGE 11

Why does Planning have to be ethical?

Correct Ethics: The ends and the

Planning and the State

Planning and The Market

Planning and Civil Society: Why does Planning

ECOPOLIS 2009 PAGE 15

What is Urban Place?

Sweden = at least 200 population

ECOPOLIS 2009 PAGE 16

Philippine Definition of Urban Place

National Statistics Office -- operational rather than conceptual definition

According to these concepts, an area is considered urban if:

ECOPOLIS 2009 PAGE 17

Urban Place versus City

Urban is determined by physico-spatial, economic, demographic and cultural

ECOPOLIS 2009 PAGE 18

Major Transport nodes

ECOPOLIS 2009 PAGE 19

ECOPOLIS 2009 PAGE 21

ECOPOLIS 2009 PAGE 22

Major Schools of Thought in Planning

Major Schools of Thought in Planning

Incremental Planning also called

Systems Theory of Planning

Cybernetics (Norbert Wiener,1948;Ashby,1956) interdisciplinary science

ECOPOLIS 2009 PAGE 26

Systems Theory of Planning

System Description Scan, Profiling,

ECOPOLIS 2009 PAGE 27

Systems Planning Approach by

ECOPOLIS 2009 PAGE 28

Allan Wilsons Linear Planning Process

Advocacy or Activist Planning

Activist or Advocacy Planning -- Planners should advocate for

Urban demolitions caused by Gentrification were the context of

Saul David Alinsky

Advocacy planning has both reflected and contributed to a general

ECOPOLIS 2009 PAGE 30

Traditional Planning Approach

ECOPOLIS 2009 PAGE 32