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Woven Fabrics
Definition
Repeat
Advantages
Top view
Repeat
y
x
Terminologies
1
n
m
1 inch
n m Fabric
Side view
z
Warp tow
Fill tow
Ref.: http://www.netcomposites.com/guide/woven-fabrics/40
2013.3.20
Plain weave
The plain weave is made by interlacing
the warp and fill tows in an alternating
pattern. The resulting pattern is flat and
smooth.
Basket weave
two or more tows are treated as one tow
when interwoven.
The basket weave is more pliable, flatter
and stronger than the plain weave, but is
not as stable.
Ref.: http://www.netcomposites.com/guide/woven-fabrics/40
2013.3.21
1/1 Twill
Over or
under at
least 2 fill
tows
Fill tow
no.
x-direction: a fill tow floats over (under) 3 warp tows and under (over) 1.
y-direction: a warp tow floats under (over) 3 fill tows and over (under) 1.
Set a sequence of fill tows first, Count the number of the fill tow which
is crossed over by the warp tow from the left to the right within a y
period.
x
1 2 4 3
2/2 Twill
4
3
2
1
1 2 4 3
Ref.: http://www.netcomposites.com/guide/woven-fabrics/40
2013.3.21
5
4
3
1 4 2 5 3
2
1
y
x
1 4 2 5 3
7
6
x-direction: a fill tow floats over (under) 6 warp tows and under (over) 1.
y-direction: a warp tow floats under (over) 6 fill tows and over (under) 1.
5
4
3
1 5 2 6 3 7 4
2
1
y
x
1 5 2 6 3 7 4
Ref.: http://www.netcomposites.com/guide/woven-fabrics/40
2013.3.25
8
7
x-direction: a fill tow floats over (under) 7 warp tows and under (over) 1.
y-direction: a warp tow floats under (over) 7 fill tows and over (under) 1.
6
5
1 4 7 2 5 8 3 6
4
3
2
1 3 4 2
4
3
2
1
Ref.: http://www.netcomposites.com/guide/woven-fabrics/40
2013.3.25
Parameters:
Twill weave
Parameters:
nm
Parameters:
Satin weave
n harness
w
t
Gap
Undulation
(a)
2013.3.26
(b)
Woven fabrics
Twill weave
Satin weave
n 1
n 2, m 1
n 4 (Crow-foot)
n2
n 2, m 2
n5
n5
n 6, m 2
n8
2013.3.29
2013.3.29
(b) Tows
10
local volume: dV
local damage: Dm
(a)
: Fiber
: Matrix damage
(c)
(b)
: Matrix
(e)
: Intact matrix
11
( n ) ( n 1) ( n )
Tow
(i)
MMF
( n ,i )
t
n 1,i
Ct
Pure matrix
( n ,i )
(q)
Micromechanical model
SAF for constituents: Mc
(c = fiber, matrix)
j
m n , q Cm n 1,q m n ,q
n ,i
c Mc t
(j)
kc f c c , Tc , Cc
j
Dc f kc , c
j
Dc
n ,i
Ec
n ,i
1 Dc
n ,i
n 1,i
n ,q
, Tm , Cm
Dm f k m , m
q
Max Dc , Dc
km f m m
Dc f Dc , p
intact
c
Dm
n ,q
Em
n ,q
Max Dm , Dm
n ,q
1 Dm
n,q
n 1, q
intact
m
x3
x3
z
y
x
x2
x2
x1
(a)
(b)
(c)
x3
x3
x2
x2
x1
(a)
(b)
13
(c)
Woven fabrics
Twill weave
Satin weave
n 1
n 3, m 1
n 4 (Crow-foot)
n2
n 3, m 3
n5
n5
n 6, m 2
n8
2013.3.29
14
0.21mm
15
Structures
and
Composites
Laboratory
Structures
and
Composites
Laboratory
17
Plain weave
18
ABAQUS
Fill tow
1.6mm
Observation:
0.28mm
19
1.6mm
Modeling
0.28mm
Observation:
21
Fiber (T300)
Material properties
Matrix
230
3.34
19
0.35
27
0.3
0.8
3500
2000
A of S-N curve
-0.104
B of S-N curve
1.74
A of S-N curve
-0.0822
B of S-N curve
3.548
Material properties
Volume fractions
Tow
179.93
11.782
7.646
0.78
4.202
0.315
0.228
0.246
0.427
22
eq
Softening behavior
,
2
yN 1
0
y
Test data
2
y
Multi-stage model
Stage 2
Stage 1
,
1
1
y
Linearization
Stage N
E0
1 D E0
N , 0
1 y 2 y
N 1 y
N y
eq
(%)
23
Loading
Tows
Pure Matrix
11
11y
0.015
11
11y
24
Dm
X ROM T f V f _ w 861MPa
Dm
Df
(MPa)
X 554 MPa
Strength
predictions:
Dm
Dm
EROM E f V f _ w 56.58GPa
Df
E 53.7GPa
(%)
25
Dm
Df
Dm
(MPa)
600
500
A
400
300
B
200
100
0
0.5
1.5
2.5
(%)
26
(MPa)
600
Dm
500
A
400
300
Dm
200
100
0
Df
0
0.5
1.5
2.5
(%)
27
Life distribution
Life of pure matrix
Shortest life
Longest life
max 150MPa
Fatigue R 0.1
Under the given fatigue load, the matrix in the warp tow has the shortest life, while the
fiber in the warp tow has the longest life. Because the warp tow is under locally transverse
load and matrix can easily break.
28
Number of cycles: n 1
Dm
max
amp
min
0.1
max
mean
min
t
Tension-tension (T-T)
Vf_w=0.246
X=554Mpa
max ( MPa )
Dm
Fiber failure
Initial pure matrix failure
Initial matrix failure in tow
Df
LogN f
29
Satin weave
30
ABAQUS
0.45mm
0.85mm
Observation:
Average yarn width ~0.45 mm
Irregular 4H Satin weave, average gap between every 2 fill yarns ~0.8
mm
No visible gap between two adjacent warp yarns
Thickness: 0.18 mm (warp), 0.03 mm (fill)
Warp yarns appear flat but slack when free from external loading, while
fill yarns seem tightening corresponding warp yarns
31
0.21mm
1.6mm
Modeling
0.28mm
Observation:
0.45mm
0.85mm
Modeling
0.21mm
33
34
Fiber (E-Glass)
Material properties
Matrix
74
3.34
74
0.35
30.8
30.8
0.2
0.2
1814
1614
A of S-N curve
-0.163
B of S-N curve
3.45
-0.104
B of S-N curve
1.74
Volume fractions
Fiber volume fraction of tow Vf_t
0.78
0.54
A of S-N curve
Material properties
Tow
42.18
12.61
3.792
3.616
0.259
0.419
0.42
35
Loading
11
(MPa)
Test data
Multi-stage model
11y
11
11y
(%)
0.03
36
X 545MPa
Strength
predictions:
Dm
X ROM T f V f _ w 762MPa
Dm
Df
(MPa)
Dm
Dm
E 32.98GPa
EROM E f V f _ w 31.08GPa
B
Df
(%)
37
A
Dm
(MPa)
Dm
600
A
500
Df
400
300
B
B
200
Dm
100
0
0.5
1.5
(%)
2.5
Dm
Df
38
(MPa)
600
Dm
500
A
400
300
Dm
200
100
0
Df
0
0.5
1.5
2.5
(%)
39
Life distribution
Life of pure matrix
LogNf
Shortest life
Longest life
max 70MPa
Fatigue R 0.1
Under the given fatigue load, the matrix in the warp tow has the shortest life, while the
fiber in the warp tow has the longest life. Because the warp tow is under locally transverse
load and matrix can easily break.
40
Number of cycles: n 1
max
R
amp
min
0.1
max
mean
min
t
Tension-tension (T-T)
Vf_w=0.42
X=545Mpa
max ( MPa )
Fiber failure
Initial pure matrix failure
Initial matrix failure in tow
LogN f
41
max ( MPa )
R=0.8
Fatigue R 0.8
R=0.8
R=0.5
R=0.1
Fatigue R 0.5
R=0.1
Fatigue R 0.1
Tension-tension (T-T)
t
LogN f
42