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ENZYMATIC PROCESS OF
EPOXIDE
Kelompok 6:
ARDITA RIZKY PUTRI ARCANGGI (1306402293)
CLAUDIA MAYA INDRAPUTRI (1306412180)
MERIELL JADE EUGENIA TENDEAN (130644770)
TERRY MUHAMMAD OCTARYNO (1306370770)
UNIK YULIANTINA RISQI (1306370991)
Chapter 1
Background
Basic Theory
Market Anlysis
Raw Material Analysis
Plant Location
Backgroud
Basic Theory
Jatropha Oil
Composition ((%-weight))
Miristat Acid
0-0,1
Palmitat Acid
14,1-15,3
Stearat Acid
3,7-9,8
Oleat Acid
34,3-45,8
Linoleat Acid
29,0-44,2
Linolenat Acid
0,03
Marlina, 2014
Oleat Acid
Linoleic Acid
Linoleic acid is produced from the plant which will serve as a precursor for
the production of essential fatty acid arachidonic acid.
Essential fatty acids such as linoleic acid is one of the main components
of foods that provide a positive impact on health is a contributor to most
energy (29% or more of the total energy needed by the body).
CALB lipase
Lipases catalyze the hydrolysis of triacylglycerols into glycerol and free fatty
acids.
Epoxidation
The characteristics of the epoxide
compound is the oxirane group
formed by oxidation of olefinic
double
bonds
or
aromatic
compounds. To prevent uncontrolled
exothermic
reaction
and
to
optimize the epoxidation, the
peroxide solution is added gradually
with stirring, while maintaining the
temperature of the reaction. When
the substrate iodine number has
been reduced to the desired point,
the reaction is stopped and the
epoxidized substrate is separated
from
the
solution.
Because
epoxidation reaction is reversible
and there is a possibility of side
reaction, epoxidation endeavored
to occur at low temperatures and a
short time [Kirk-Othmer, vol.9,
251].
Usability of Epoxide
Epoxidized oil can be used directly as a plasticizer in a polymer matrix to produce a material
suitable for polyvinyl chloride (PVC), it is very important to control the viscosity of the PVC
during the manufacturing process and as a stabilizer of PVC resin to improve flexibility,
elasticity, strength and to maintain the stability of the polymer to heat and UV radiation.
Oxirane ring high reactivity causes epoxy can also be used as a feedstock for some chemicals,
such as alcohols, glycols, alkanolamine, carbonyl compounds, olefin compounds, and polymers
such as polyesters, polyurethanes and epoxy resin (Gan, 1992).
Market Analysis
Product Comparison
Competitor (Chemical)
Asia
Pasific
2015
2018
2020
2022
9210000
Production Capasity
Production Capasity
Estimated Production Capacity (Year)
Unit
2017
2018
2019
2020
2021 Unit
Kg
Kg/D
Ton/D
12843622
6 US$
5217.591
5.217591
5666.30
6153.60
6682.81
5.66630
6.15360
6.68281
7257.53
8 Kg/D
7.25753
8 Ton/D
2022
2023
2024
2025
2026
8559.51
7.88168
8.55951
9295.63
9.29563
10095.0
10963.2
10.0950
10.9632
Production Capasity
Intro
Jatropha
Oil
Soybean
Oil
Castor
Oil
Jatropha Oil
Table 1. 7 Fatty Acids Composition of Jatropha Oil
Fatty Acid
Oleic Acid (C 18:1
9c)
Linoleic Acid (C
18:2 6)
Linolenic Acid (C
18:3 3)
Palmitic Acid (C
16:0)
Stearic Acid (C
18:0)
Characteristic
Composition (%)
Unsaturated
35-64
Flash point
Unsaturated
19-42
Unsaturated
Value
Unit
236
Density at 20 oC
g/cm3
0.9177
2-4
Viscosity at 30 oC
Mm2/s
49.15
Saturated
12-17
Pour point
-2.5
Saturated
5-10
Iodine value
G iodine/100 g oil
96.5
Characteristic
Soybean Oil
Table 1. 9 Fatty Acids Composition of Soybean Oil
Fatty Acid
Linoleic Acid (C
18:2 6)
Oleic Acid (C
18:1 9c)
Linolenic Acid
(C 18:3 3)
Characteristic
Unsaturated
Unsaturated
Unsaturated
Composition
Physical
(%)
Characteristic
40-57
Flash point
20-35
Value
Unit
324
Density at 20 oC
g/cm3
0.916-0.922
Viscosity at 30 oC
cp
58.5-62.2
-12 to -16
G iodine/100 g oil
129-143
5-14
Pour point
Arachic Acid
Palmitic Acid (C
Unsaturated
Saturated
0-2
7-10
Iodine value
Castor Oil
Table 1. 11 Fatty Acid Composition of Castor Oil
Fatty Acid
Oleic Acid (C 18:1
9c)
Linoleic Acid (C
18:2 6)
Linolenic Acid (C
18:3 3)
Ricinoleic Acid (C
18:1 OH)
Palmitic Acid (C
16:0)
Stearic Acid (C
Characterist
ic
Composition (%)
Unsaturated
0-6
Unsaturated
4.3-7.3
Unsaturated
0-0.5
Unsaturated
Value
Unit
145
Density at 20 oC
g/cm3
0.959
Viscosity at 30 oC
Cp
332
2.7
G iodine/100 g oil
84.5
Characteristic
Flash point
84-94
Pour point
Saturated
0-1.3
Iodine value
Saturated
1.0-1.2
Conclusion (Jatropha)
Plant Location
Intro
Maps
Reason
Transportation
Availability of Raw Material
Utility
Land Price and Local Minimum Wage
Added Value for Local Citizen
Chapter 2
Alternative Process
Process Selection
Process Description
Block Flow Diagram
Process Flow Diagram
Alternative Process
In general, the side reactions that have been proposed consist of 2 parts :
the epoxy ring opening involving the formation of hydroxyl acetate or hydroxyl
groups and formation of peracids and epoxy groups. Acetic acidIR- 122
combination was found to be most effective for higher epoxide yield at shorter
reaction time.
Epoxidation over titanium-silicalite catalysts (Ti(IV)SiO2, Ti-MCM-41, and amorphous Ti/SiO2) 39,44-47
Titanium-grafted mesoporous silica materials showed to
be suitable catalysts for the epoxidation of unsaturated FAME
mixtures in a reaction medium that is completely free from
organic acids. They are also versatile, as they have been
used over a series of four FAME mixtures obtained from
different
vegetable
sources
exhibiting
interesting
performances. In particular, very high conversion and
selectivity values were obtained with TiMCM-41 in the
epoxidation of castor oil or soya-bean oil FAME mixtures.
Process Selection
Intro
Criteria
Operating Condition Suitability
Yield of Process
Time of Enzymatic Reaction
Installed and Operations Cost
Field Experience
Manufacturing
Waste Treatment
Scoring Table
No
Criteria
Operating Condition
Sustainability
Weight
Rating
Score
Rating
Score
Rating
Score
Rating
Score
10
40
30
30
10
Yield of Process
25
75
100
75
75
Time of reaction
20
80
60
60
20
15
45
30
30
30
Field Experience
10
30
30
20
20
Manufacturing
15
15
10
10
Waste Treatment
10
10
15
10
Total
100
295
275
240
175
Rank
10
Scoring Table
No
Criteria
Operating Condition
Sustainability
Weight
Rating
Score
Rating
Score
Rating
Score
10
40
20
40
Yield of Process
25
50
100
100
Time of Reaction
20
40
20
80
15
30
45
30
Field Experience
10
20
30
20
Manufacturing
15
15
15
Waste Treatment
10
10
15
Total
100
205
240
300
Rank
10
Process Description
Process Unit
Storage Tank
Reactor
Filtration
Washing
Evaporator
Cooling
Packaging
Chapter 3
Mass Balance
Energy Balance
Mass and Energy Efficiency
Simulation of Process
Mass Balance
Input (kg)
Output (kg)
27,41585822
37,34807318
Hydrogen Peroxide
32,601
25,19895923
Linoleic Acid
28,818
2,881797162
Linolenic Acid
1,5815
1,581474052
Lipase
7,35
7,35
NaHCO3
1430847,2
1430847,208
Oleic Acid
39,2733
3,92732723
Palmitic Acid
12,1071
12,10706247
Stearic Acid
6,0799
6,079889134
Water
27187167,72
27187171,64
Flowrate (kg/batch)
In
Out
Linoleic Acid
28.81797176
2.882
Linolenic acid
1.58147406
1.58147406
Oleic acid
39.27327249
3.927
Palmitic acid
12.10706253
12.10706253
Stearic acid
6.079889164
6.079889164
H2O2
Lipase
32.60101
7.35
25.19896
7.35
27.41586
37.34807
Flowrate (kg/batch)
In
Out
2.882
2.882
1.58147406
1.58147406
3.927
3.927
Palmitic acid
12.10706253
12.10706253
Stearic acid
6.079889164
6.079889164
25.19896
25.19896
7.35
7.35
27.41586
27.41586
37.34807
37.34807
Linolenic acid
Oleic acid
H2O2
Lipase
Flowrate (kg/batch)
Sodium Bicarbonate
In
1,430,847.208
Out
1,430,847.208
Linoleic Acid
2.882
2.882
Linolenic acid
1.581
1.581
Oleic acid
3.927
3.927
Palmitic acid
12.107
12.107
Stearic acid
6.080
6.080
H2O2
25.199
25.199
Lipase
7.350
7.350
27.416
27.416
37.348
37.348
Water
27,186,176.939
27,186,176.939
Flowrate (kg/batch)
In
Out
Linoleic Acid
2.882
2.882
Linolenic acid
1.581
1.581
Oleic acid
3.927
3.927
Palmitic acid
12.107
12.107
Stearic acid
6.080
6.080
H2O2
25.199
25.199
Lipase
7.350
7.350
27.416
27.416
37.348
37.348
Water
27,186,176.939
27,186,176.939
Flowrate (kg/batch)
Compound
In
Out
22.690
22.690
30.910
30.910
Water
6.620
6.620
TOTAL
60.220
60.220
Flowrate (kg/batch)
Compound
In
Out
22.690
22.690
30.910
30.910
Water
6.620
6.620
TOTAL
60.220
60.220
Energy Balance
Unit Process
Input (kJ/batch)
Output (kJ/batch)
Reactor
8977.21
Evaporation Flash
8195.24
Cooling
7903.32
Total
8195.24
16880.53
Qin
Qout
Linoleic acid
Oleic acid
0
Hydrogen peroxide
Lipase
8977.21
Evaporator
Content
Epoxidize
d oil
Cooler
Qin
8195.24
Qout
Content
Epoxidized
Oil
Qin
Q out
7903.32
Energy Efficiency
Mass Efficiency
Simulation of Process
Chapter 4
Conclusion
Conclusion
Epoxides
The
For
Conclusion
For
The
The
Plant
Reference
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Thank You