Turning Moment Presentation

TURNING MOMENT DIAGRAM
AND FLYWHEEL
PRESENT BY
Mr.K.Vinoth Kumar, M.Tech,(Ph.D)

Assistant professor
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
R.M.K COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
INTRODUCTION
TURNING MOMENT DIAGRAM:
Turning
moment
diagram is the graphical
representation of turning
moment or crank effort
for various positions of
crank, it is plotted on
Cartesian co-ordinates, in
which the turning moment
is taken as ordinate and
crank angle abscissa.
Fig of an engine having flywheel
TURNING MOMENT DIAGRAM FOR SINGLE

CYLINDER DOUBLE ACTING STEAM
ENGINE
Mean
Resisting
Torque
b
Turning
moment
Tmax
Tmean
a
P
90
270
360
Crank angle
The area of the TMD is proportional to the work done per rev as
the work is the product of the turning moment and angle
turned
TURNING MOMENT DIAGRAM FOR

SINGLE CYLINDER DOUBLE ACTING
STEAM ENGINE
b
Turning
moment
Tmax
Tmean
a
P
90
Crank angle
270
A turning moment
diagram for a single
cylinder
acting
steam
engine
shown in Fig.
That the turning
moment
on
the
crank shaft
Its assumed that the work done by the

turning moment per revolution is equal
to the resisting torque, therefore the
area of the rectangle is proportional to
the work done against the the mean
resisting torque
When the turning moment is positive that is when the

engine torque is more than the mean resisting torque
as shown between points B,C,D,E the crankshaft
acceleration and the work is done by the steam.
When the turning moment negative that is when the
engine torque is less than the mean resisting torque
as shown between points C and D the crank shaft
retards and the work is done on the steam.
The accelerating torque on the rotating parts of the
engine.=T-Tmean, T-torque on the crankshaft at any
instant, Tmean Mean Resisting torque.
TURNING MOMENT DIAGRAM FOR A FOUR

SROKE CYLINDER INTERNAL CUMBUSTION
ENGINE
In four stoke IC engine ,there
is one working stroke after the
crank has turned through two
revolutions i.e 720o
Whenever
pressure
inside
cylinder
is
less
than
atmospheric
pressure
,then
negative loop is formed
Therefore
during
suction
,compression
and
exhaust
negative loop is formed and
during power stroke positive
loop is formed
Torque N-m
Turning Moment (Crank Effort) Diagram

for a 4-stroke I C engine
Excess Energy
(Shaded area)
T
max
Expansion
T
mean
Suction
Crank Angle
Compression
Exhaust
Turning Moment (Or Crank Effort)

Diagram (TMD)
Turning moment diagram is a graphical

representation of turning moment or
torque (along Y-axis) versus crank angle
(X-axis) for various positions of crank.
Uses of TMD
1. The area under the TMD gives the
work done per cycle.
2. The work done per cycle when divided
by the crank angle per cycle gives the
mean torque Tm.
Uses of TMD
3. The mean torque Tm multiplied by the
angular velocity of the crank gives the
power consumed by the machine or
developed by an engine.
4. The area of the TMD above the mean
torque line represents the excess energy
that may be stored by the flywheel,
which helps to design the dimensions &
mass of the flywheel.
MULTICYLINDER ENGINE
The resultant turning
moment diagram is
sum of the turning
moment diagram for
three cylinders.
First cylinder is high
pressure,
second
is
intermediate and third
is low pressure cylinder.
The cranks are usually
placed at an angle of
120
Fig of multi cylinder engine
TMD for a multi cylinder

engine
A separate TMD for compound steam engine having three
cylinders and the resultant TMD fig.

The resultant TMD is sum of the turning moment diagram
for the three cylinders,
First cylinder is the high pressure cylinder and the third
cylinder is the low pressure .the cranks are usually placed
120 degree to each other.
Example of multicylinder engine
Fluctuation of Energy
Definition
It may be determined by the turning
moment diagram for one complete cycle
of operation
The difference between the maximum and

the minimum energies is known as
maximum fluctuation of energy
The mean resisting torque line AF cuts the turning moment

diagram at points B,C,D and E when the cranks moves from a to p
the work done by the engine is equal to area of aBp, whereas
energy required is represented by the area aABp. the amount of
energy is taken from the flywheel and hence the speed of the
flywheel decrease.
Now the cranks move from p to q. The work done by the engine is
equal to the area pBbCq. Therefore the engine has done more work
than the requirement. The excess work equal to BbC is stored in
the flywheel and the the speed of the flywheel increased. while the
crank moves from p to q.
BbC,CcD,DdE....are
Determination of max. Fluctuation of

energy
T
u
r
ni
n
g
m
o
m
e
nt
a1
a4
a3
G
A
Mean
torque
line
C
a2
a5
a6
Crank Angle
E = (E+a1) (E+a1-a2+a3-a4) = a2-a3+a4
Let the energy in the flywheel at A =E

Energy at B = E+a1
Energy at C =E+a1-a2
Energy at D=E+a1-a2+a3
Energy at E= E+ a1-a2+a3-a4
Energy at F= E+ a1-a2+a3-a4+a5
Energy at G= E+a1-a2+a3-a4+a5-a6
Maximum energy in flywheel= E+a1

Minimum energy in flywheel= E+ a1a2+a3-a4
Maximum fluctuation energy =
Maximum energy - Minimum energy
=( E+a1)-( E+ a1-a2+a3-a4)
=a2+a3-a4
Coefficient of Fluctuation of Energy

Definition
It may be defined as the ratio of the maximum fluctuation of energy
to the work done per cycle.
CE = Maximum fluctuation of energy
work done per cycle

The work done per cycle may be obtained by using two
relations
Work done per cycle = Tmean *
Tmean = P*60 = P
2N
Work done per cycle = P*60
n
FLYWHEEL
Flywheel is a device used to store
energy when available in excess &
release the same when there is a
shortage.
Flywheels are used in IC engines, Pumps,
Compressors & in machines performing
intermittent
operations
such
as
punching, shearing, riveting, etc.
A Flywheel may be of Disk type or Rim
Type
Flywheels help in smoothening out
DISK TYPE FLYWHEEL
DISK TYPE FLYWHEEL
RIM TYPE FLYWHEEL
Section X-X
Comparision between Disk Type & Rim Type Flywheel :

Flywheels posess inertia due to its heavy mass.
Mass moment of inertia of a flywheel is given by
I = mk 2 , where m=Mass of the flywheel.
k=Radius of gyration of the flywheel.
D
For rim type, k= where D=Mean diameter of the flyheel
2
D
For Disk type, k=
where D=Outer diameter of the flywheel
2 2
D 2
D
2
Hence I=m Rim
and I=m Disk
8
Hence for a given diameter & inertia, the mass of the
rim type flywheel is half the mass of a disk type flywheel
Important Definitions
(a) Maximum fluctuation of speed :
It is the difference between the maximum & minimum speeds
in a cycle. (=n1 n2 )
(b) Coefficient of fluctuation of speed : (C s or K s )
It is the ratio of maximum fluctuation of speed to the mean speed.
It is often expressed as a % of mean speed.
1
2
2 n
where =Angular velocity=
60
n1 n2
Cs (or K s )
Important Definitions
(c) Coefficient of fluctuation of energy : (C e or K e )
It is the ratio of maximum fluctuation of energy to the
mean kinetc energy.
E1 E2
E e
Ce (or K e )

E
E E
** It is often expressed as the ratio of excess energy
e
to the work done per cycle. C e ( or K e ) =
W.D / cycle
(d) Coefficient of steadiness :
It is the reciprocal of coefficent of fluctuation of speed.

Coefficient of steadiness=
1 2
EXPRESSION FOR ENERGY STORED BY A FLYWHEEL

Let
I be the mass moment of inertia of the flywheel
1 & 2 be the max & min speeds of the flywheel

Mean speed of the flywheel
m=Mass of the flywheel, k=Radius of gyration of the flywheel
Cs =Coefficient of fluctuation of speed
The max fluctuation of energy (to be stored by the flywheel)
1 2 1 2 1
e E1 E2 I 1 I 2 I 12 22
2
2
2
1
e I 1 2 (1 2 )
2

1
Putting the mean agular speed = 1 2 ,
2
We get e = I(1 - 2 ) Multiplying & dividing by ,
(1 - 2 )
(1 - 2 )
Also
Cs , the coefficient of fluctuation of speed
Hence e = I2C s
e = I2
2 2
Putting I=mk 2 , we get e = mk
C
1 2
Note: 1.Alternatively, if Mean kinetic energy E= I ,
2
I 2 2 E , e=2EC s
C
e
e
2Cs But Ce OR e = 2
E
E
Cs

1 2
e= I Cs , Putting mean Kinetic energy E= I
2
and expressing C s as a percentage,
2
2EC s
e
100
e 0.02 ECs
1
Note: 2. Alternatively, if Mean kinetic energy E= mk 2 2 ,
2
1 2
2
2
(k ) v , E= mv
2
e mv 2cs
MASS OF FLYWHEEL IN TERMS OF

DENSITY & CROSSECTION AREA
We know that
mass m=Density Volume
D2
For Disk type flywheel, Volume =
t
4
For Rim type flywheel, Volume= D( A)
where A= Cross section of the rim =b t
b= width of rim & t= thickness of the rim
Note:
Dn
(i)Velocity of the flywheel v=
m / sec
60
(ii) Hoop Stress (Centrifugal stress) in the flywheel
= v 2 where = density of flywheel material
Problem 1
A single cylinder 4 stroke gas engine
develops 18.4 KW at 300 rpm with
work done by the gases during the
expansion being 3 times the
work
done on the gases during compression.
The work done during the suction &
exhaust strokes is negligible. The total
fluctuation of speed is 2% of the mean.
The TMD may be assumed to be
triangular in shape. Find the mass
moment of inertia of the flywheel.
Torque N-m
TURNING MOMENT DIAGRAM
Excess Energy
T
max
Expansion
T
mean
Suction
Exhaust
Crank Angle
Compression
Data :
Power P=18.4 KW=18.4 103 W, Mean speed n=300 rpm
Work done during expansion WE 3 Work done during compression
Cs 2% 0.02
Given 4-stroke cycle engine
Crank angle per cycle=4 radians( Q 2 rev of crank shaft)
Solution :
2 n
Angular Velocity of flywheel =
60
2 300
i.e.
31.416 rad/sec
60
Also power P=Tm 18.4 103 Tm 31.416
18.4 103
Mean torque Tm
585.7 N-m
31.416
Work done per cycle

Work done per cycle=Tm Crank angle per cycle
i.e. W.D/Cycle =Tm 4 585.7 31.416
W.D/Cycle 7360 N-m
W.D/Cycle W.D during expansion W.D during compression
(As the W.D during suction & compression are neglected)
7360=(WE WC )
WE
Given WE 3WC Or WC
, we can write
3
WE
2
7360= WE WE WE 11040 N-m

3
3
This work represents the area under triangle for expansion stroke
1
i.e. 11040 Tmax
2
Max torque Tmax 7028.3 N-m
Excess energy stored by the flywheel

The shaded area represents the excess energy.
1
i.e.excess energy stored by flywheel e= x (Tmax Tmean )
2
where x is the base of shaded triangle, given by
x (Tmax Tmean )
Tmax
(Tmax Tmean )
(7028.3 585.7)
x

2.88rad
Tmax
7028.3
1
Hence e= 2.88 (7028.3 585.7) 9276.67 N-m
2
We know that excess energy is given by

e=I Cs 9276.64 I (31.416) 0.02
2
Hence mass moment of inertia of flywheel

I=470 Kg-m
Problem 2
A single cylinder internal combustion
engine working on 4-stroke cycle
develops 75 KW at 360 rpm. The
fluctuation of energy can be assumed
to be 0.9 times the energy developed
per cycle. If the fluctuation of speed is
not to exceed 1% and the maximum
centrifugal stress in the flywheel is to
be 5.5 MN/m2, estimate the diameter
and the cross sectional area of the rim.
The material of the rim has a density
7.2 Mg/m3.
Data :
Power P=75 KW=75 103 W, Mean speed n=360 rpm
Fluctuation of energy e =0.9 W.D/cycle
4 stroke cycle Crank angle per cycle=4 radians
Density =7.2 Mg/m 3 7200 Kg/m 3 , Hoop stress =5.5 MPa
Solution :
2 n
Angular Velocity of flywheel =
60
2 360
i.e.
37.7 rad/sec
60
Also power P=Tm 75 103 Tm 37.7
75 103
Mean torque Tm
1989.4 N-m
37.7
Work done per cycle :

Work done per cycle=Tm Crank angle per cycle
i.e. W.D/Cycle =Tm 4 1989.4 4
W.D/Cycle 25000 N-m
Also given e =0.9W.D / cycle = 22500 N - m
Diameter of the flywheel :
Hoop stress = v 2 5.5 106 =7200 (v 2 )
Hence, velocityof flywheel v = 27.64m / sec
Dn
D 360
Also v =
27.64 =
60
60
Diameter of the flywheel = 1.466 m
The energy stored by the flywheel is given by

e = mk 2 2C s .
D 1.466
For rim type, radius of gyration k=
0.733m
2
2
2
2
22500 = m( 0.733) ( 37.7) 0.01
Hence, Mass of the flywheel m = 2946.4 Kg
But , for rim type, mass m= DA
(where A=cross section area of the rim)
2946.4 1.466 A 7200
A=0.09m
Note :
If it is given that the rectangular cross section of the
rim has width (b)=3 thickness ( t),
Then A=b t=3t t=3t
0.09 3t t=0.1732m 173 mm

b=3t=520 mm
2
Problem 3
The crank effort diagram for a 4-stroke
cycle gas engine may be assumed to for
simplicity of four rectangles, areas of
which from line of zero pressure are power
stroke =6000 mm2, exhaust stroke =500
mm2,
Suction
stroke=300
mm2,
compression stroke = 1500 mm2. Each Sq
mm represents 10 Nm. Assuming the
resisting torque to be uniform, find
a)Power of the engine
b)Energy to be stored by the flywheel
c)Mass of a flywheel rim of 1m radius to
limit the total fluctuation of speed to 2%
of the mean speed of 150 rpm.
Torque N-m
Excess energy
(Shaded area)
T
max
Expansion
T
mean
0
Suction
Compression
Crank Angle
Exhaust
Data :
4 stroke cycle Crank angle per cycle=4 radians
Radius of gyration k 1 meter, Mean speed n=150 rpm
C s 2% 4% 0.04 (Q Total fluctuation=2 Fluctuation on either side)
Solution : Angular Velocity of flywheel =
2 n
60
2 150
i.e.
15.71 rad/sec
60
WD/cycle=W.D during Expansion-(W.D during other strokes)
W.D/cycle= 6000-(300 1500 500) 3700mm 2
W.D/cycle 3700 scale of diagram=3700 10=37000 N-m
W.D/cycle
37000
Mean Torque Tm
2944.4 N-m
Crank angle/cycle
4
(ii) Energy stored by flywheel :

e =Shaded area =( Tmax -Tm )
But W.D during expansion =Tmax
6000 10 Tmax
Tmax = 19098.6N - m
Substituting for Tmax ,
e (Tmax Tm ) (19098.6 2944.6)
e =50749.27 N - m
Torque N-m
(i) Power developed by engine :

P Tm 2944.4 15.71 46.256 KW
Excess energy
(Shaded area)
T
max
Expansion
T
mean
0
Suction
Compression
Crank Angle
Exhaust
(iii) Mass of flywheel

We know that energy stored by flywheel
e mk Cs
2
50749.27 m (1) (15.71) 0.04

Mass of flywheel m = 5140.64 Kg
2
Problem 4
A multi cylinder engine is to run at a speed of
600 rpm. On drawing the TMD to a scale of
1mm=250 Nm & 1mm=30, the areas above
& below the mean torque line are +160,
-172, +168, -191, +197, -162 mm 2
respectively.
The speed is to be kept within 1% of the
mean
speed.
Density
of
Cast
iron
flywheel=7250 kg/mm3 and hoop stress is 6
MPa. Assuming that the rim contributes to
92% of the flywheel effect, determine the
dimensions of the rectangular cross section
of the rim assuming width to be twice the
thickness.
Turning Moment
168
160
1
197
172
191
162
7
Mean Torque
line
Crank angle
Let the energy at 1=E
Energy at 2=(E+160)
Energy at 3=(E+160)-172=(E-12)
Energy at 4=(E-12)+168=(E+156)
Energy at 5=(E+156)-191=(E-35)
Energy at 6=(E-35)+197=(E+162)
Energy at 7=(E+162)-162=E= Energy at 1
Hence, Maximum fluctuation of energy

(in terms of area) = (E+162)-(E-35)=197 Sq mm
Energy stored by the flywheel :

2 N 2 600
Angular velocity =
62.84 rad / sec,

60
60
Cs 1% 2% 0.02
Scale of the diagram is
3
1mm 250
13.1Nm
180
Max Fluctuation of energy e (Max.K.E-Min K.E)
2
e=(E+162)-(E-35)=197 mm 2
e =197 13.1 = 2581Nm
i.e.2581=I 2Cs I (62.84) 2 0.02
Mass moment of inertia I =32.7Kg- m2
Diameter of the flywheel :

Using = v 2 ; 6 106 7250 v 2
Velocity v=28.8 m/sec
DN
D 600
Also v=
28.8=
60
60
Mean dia of flywheel D=0.92 m
Given 92% of the flywheel effect is provided by the rim,
erim 0.92 2581 2375 Nm
erim mk 2 2 cs m(k ) 2 cs mv 2cs
2375 m (28.8) 2 0.02
Mass of rim m = 143 kg.
Dimensions of the crossection of the rim :

We know that mass of the flywheel rim
m=Volume of rim density=( DA)
143 ( 0.92 A) 7250
A=0.006824m 2
As cross section of rim is rectangular with b=2t,
A=(b t)=2t 2 0.006824 2t 2
Hence t = 58.4 mm, b = 2t = 116.8 mm.
Problem 5
Torque output diagram shown in fig is
a single cylinder engine at 3000 rpm.
Determine the weight of a steel disk
type flywheel required to limit the
crank speed to 10 rpm above and 10
rpm below the average speed of 3000
rpm. The outside diameter of the
flywheel is 250 mm. Determine also
the weight of a rim type flywheel of
250 mm mean diameter for the same
allowable fluctuation of speed.
100
T 75
N-m
50
25
0
-25
-50
-75
-100
90
180
360
(Degrees)
450
540
630
720
Data :
Crank angle per cycle=7200 = 4 radians
Mean speed n=3000 rpm,
250
=125 mm =0.125 m (For rim type)
2
0.25
Radius of gyration k=
=0.0884 m (For disk type)
2 2
10
20
Cs
0.00667
3000 3000
2 n
60
2 3000
i.e.
314.16 rad/sec
60
WD/cycle=Net area under TMD

=75 50 100 75 50
2
2
2
W.D / cycle =87.5 N - m
W.D per cycle
Mean torque Tm
Crank angle per cycle
Tm = 21.875N - m

100
75
2
2
2
87.5
100
T 75
N-m
50
25
1
0
-25
-50
-75
-100
Tmean
5
2
90
180
360
(Degrees)
450 540
630
720
Excess energy stored by flywheel

Let the energy at 1=E

E 26.5625
2

Energy at 3=(E 26.5625 ) - (71.875) E 9.735
2
Energy at 4=(E 9.735 )+(100-21.875) E 68.75
Energy at 2=E+(75-21.875)

E 20.3125
2

Energy at 6=(E 20.3125 ) (50-21.875) E 34.375
2
Energy at 5=(E 68.75 )-(96.875)

Energy at 7=(E 34.375 )-(121.875) E 26.5625
2

Energy at 8=(E 26.5625 )+(75-21.875) E
2
Excess energy e = Max Energy-Min energy

e=(E+68.75 ) (E-26.5625 ) 299.43Nm
Mass of flywheel
We know that energy stored by Rim type flywheel
e mk Cs
2
299.43 m (0.125) 2 (314.16) 2 0.00667

Fordisk type, k = 0.0884 m
Problem 6
The torque required for a machine is
shown in fig. The motor driving the
machine has a mean speed of 1500
rpm and develop constant torque.
The flywheel on the motor shaft is of
rim type with mean diameter of 40
cm and mass 25 kg. Determine;
(i)Power of motor
(ii)% variation in motor speed per
cycle.
Torque
2000 N-m
400 N-m
Crank angle
Data :
Crank angle per cycle= 2 radians
40
=20 cm =0.2 m (For rim type)
2
m=25 kg
2 n
60
2 1500
i.e.
157.08 rad/sec
60
(i) Power developed by the engine :

W.D/cycle area 1+area 2+area 3
1
=400 2 (2000 400) (2000 400)
4 2 2
W.D / cycle =1600 N - m
W.D per cycle
1600
Mean torque Tm

2
Tm =800 N - m
Power developed by the engine
P=Tm 800 157.08 125.664 KW
Excess energy e
(shaded area)
Torque
2000 N-m
800 N-m
mean
x
2
400 N-m
3
1
Crank angle
(ii) Coefficent of fluctuation of speed C s

x
1200
From the similar triangles,
x 1.178rad
1600
2
Energy stored by flywheel e = Shaded area
1
e= 2000 800 1.178 2000 800
4 2
e =1649.28Nm
We know that energy stored by the flywheel
e mk 2 2Cs
1649.28 25 (0.2) (157.08) Cs
2
Coefficient of fluctuation of speed = 0.0668 = 6.68%
Problem 7
A 3 cylinder single acting engine has cranks set
equally at 1200 and it runs at 600 rpm. The
TMD for each cylinder is a triangle, for the
power stroke with a maximum torque of 80 N-m
at 600 after dead center of the corresponding
crank. The torque on the return stroke is zero.
Sketch the TMD & determine the following;
(i)Power developed
(ii)Coefficient of fluctuation of speed if mass of
flywheel is 10 kg and radius of gyration is 8 cm.
(iii)Maximum angular acceleration of flywheel.
80N-m
T (N-m)
60
120
degrees
180
240
300
360
Data :
Crank angle per cycle= 2 radians
Radius of gyration k=8cm =0.08 m
m=10 kg
2 n
60
2 600
i.e.
62.83 rad/sec
60
(i) Mean torque Tm :

W.D/cycle area of 3 triangles
1
=3 80 377 N - m
2
W.D per cycle
377
Mean torque Tm
Crank angle per cycle 2

Tm =60 N - m
As the maxim um torque (Tmax ) is 80 Nm,
and Tmean = 60 Nm, the minimum torque (Tmin )
will be = 40 N - m. Hence the modified TMD
may be drawn as shown in fig.
80 N-m
T (N-m)
60 Nm
40 Nm
60
120
180
240
300
degrees
Modified TMD for 3 Cylinder engine
360
(i) Power developed :

P Tmean 60 62.83 3.77 Kw
x
From the similar triangles,
2
20
x rad
3
40
3
Due to symmetry,the energy stored by flywheel
=Area of any one traingle (Shaded portion)
1
e=
80 60 e =10.47 N - m
3
2
(ii) Coefficeint of fluctuation of speed :

We know that energy stored by the flywheel
e mk 2 2Cs
10.47 10 (0.08) (62.83) Cs
2
Coefficient of fluctuation of speed = 0.0414 = 4.14%

(iii) Maximum angular acceleration of flywheel
We know that T=I ,where
T=Max fluctuation of torque=(Tmax Tmean )
I=mk 2 , the mass moment of inertia of flywheel
= Max angular acceleration, rad/sec 2

20 10(0.08) 2
=312.5 rad / sec 2
Problem 8
A torque delivered by a two stroke is
represented by T=(1000+300 sin 2
cos 2m where is the angle turned by
crank from IDC. The engine speed is 250
rpm. The mass of the flywheel is 400 kg and
the radius of gyration is 400 mmDetermine
(i)The power developed
(ii)Total percentage fluctuation of speed
(iii)The angular acceleration and retardation
of flywheel when the crank has rotated
through an angle of 600 from the IDC
(iv)Max & Min angular acceleration &
retardation of flywheel.
Data :
As the torque is a function of 2 ,
equate 2 360 180
0
The crank angle per cycle = 180 radians

0

Radius of gyration k=400 mm =0.4 m
m=400 kg
2 n
60
2 250
i.e.
26.18 rad/sec
60

W.D per cycle
Mean torque Tm
1
1
Td (1000 300sin 2 500 cos 2 ) d
0
0
Mean torqueTm =1000 N - m
Power developed by engine P = Tm
P 1000 26.18 26.18 KW
Sl
No
Angl
e
Torqu
e T
N-m
500
30
1010
60
1510
90
1500
120
990
150
490
180
500
mean )
T
(N-m)
Excess
Energy
T mean =1000 N-m
500 Nm
Crank Angle
180
(ii) Coefficient of fluctuation of speed :

The excess energy stored by the flywheel is
given by integrating T between the limits 1
& 2 where 1 & 2 correspond to points where
T=Tmean Or (T-Tmean ) =T = 0
(As the torque curve intercepts the mean torque line at these points)
i.e. (300sin 2 500 cos 2 ) 0

500
Hence tan2 =
1.667
300
21 =590 & 22 =( 1800 +590 )= 2390
0
Hence 1 = 29.5 & 2 =119.5
(ii) Coefficient of fluctuation of speed (contd.....)

2
Excess energy e = T .d
1
119.5
e=
(300sin 2 500 cos 2 ) d
29.5
(The above integration may be performed using

calculator by keeping in radian mode and substituting
the limits of integration in radians)
e = 583.1 N - m
Also e=mk 2 2Cs 583.1 400 (0.4) 2 (26.18) 2 Cs
Coefficient of fluctuation of speed C s 0.0133 1.33%
(iii) Angular acceleration at 60 0 crank position

Acceleration (or retardation) is caused by excess (or deficit)
torque measured from mean torque at any instant. i.e T.
At =600 , T 300sin(2 60) 500 cos(2 60)
T 509.8 N m
Now, T I
509.8 400 (0.4) 2

0
Hence Angular acceleration at 60 crank position

600 =7.965 rad / sec 2
(iv) Maximum angular acceleration :

Maximum acceleration (or retardation) is caused by
maximum fluctuation of torque from mean, i.e Tmax
(To find Tmax first find the crank positions at which
T is maximum & then substitute those values in the
equation of T.)
d
For max value of T,
( T) 0
d
d
(300sin 2 500 cos 2 ) 0

d
i.e 600 cos 2 +1000 sin2 0
Hence tan2 =-0.6 2 =-310 &
2 (1800 ( 310 ) 1490
(iv) Maximum angular acceleration (contd) :

At 2 =-31 , T 583.1N-m (causes retardation)
0
At 2 =149 , T 583.1 (Causes acceleration)

0
Max angular acceleration of flywheel

Tmax
583.1
2
max
9.11 rad / sec

2
I
400(0.4)
Max angular retardation of flywheel
Tmin
583.1
2
min
-9.11 rad / sec

2
I
400(0.4)
(-ve sign indicates retardation)
Problem 9
A machine is coupled to a two stroke engine which
produces a torque of (800+180 Sin 3 N-m where
is
the crank angle. The mean engine speed is 400
rpm.
The flywheel and the rotating parts attached to the
engine have a mass of 350 kg at a radius of
gyration of
220 mm. Calculate;
(i)The power developed by the engine
(ii)Total percentage fluctuation of speed when,
(a) The resisting torque is constant
(b) The resisting torque is (800+80 Sin
Sl
No
Angle Torque
T N
m
800
30
980
60
800
90
620
120
800
(a) When the resisting torque is Constant

T
T
(N-m)
Excess Energy
Tm m
00
300
600
90 0
Crank Angle
T = Engine torque
E
Tm =mean Torque
1200
Data :
equate 3 360 120
0
2
The crank angle per cycle = 120
radians
3
Mean speed n=400 rpm, m=350 kg
0

2 n
60
2 400
i.e.
41.89 rad/sec
60

W.D per cycle
Mean torque Tm
1
1
Td
2
(800 180sin 3 )d
3 0
3 0
Mean torqueTm =800 N - m
Power developed by engine P = Tm
P 800 41.89 33.51 KW

(a) When the resisting torque is constant
& 2 , where To find 1 & 2 are crank positions
at which T=Tmean Or (T-Tmean ) = T = 0
(As the torque curve intercepts the mean torque line at these points)
i.e. (800 180sin 3 800) 0

180sin 3 0 3 0 & 3 180
0
1 =0 & 2 =60
0

2
1
60
e = (180sin 3 ) d
0

e = 120 N - m
Also e=mk 2 2Cs 120 350 (0.22) 2 (41.89) 2 Cs
(b) When the resisting torque is (800 + 80sin )

T
Excess Energy
T
(N-m)
00
300
600
90 0
Crank Angle
1200
T = Engine torque
E
TM =Machine Torque
180

(b) When the resisting torque is (800 + 80sin )
at which TE =TM Or (TE -TM )= T = 0
(As the engine torque curve intercepts the
machine torque curve at these points)
i.e. (800 180sin 3 ) (800 80sin ) 0

180(3sin 4sin 3 ) 80 sin =0
(460-720sin 0 sin 0.799

2
1 =530 & 2 =( 180 - 53)=127 0

2
1
127
e=
(180sin 3 80sin )d
53

calculator by keeping in radian m ode and substituting
e = -208.3 N - m (Take absolute value)
Also e=mk 2 2Cs 208.3 350 (0.22) 2 (41.89) 2 Cs
Problem 10
A certain machine requires a torque of
(500+50sin N-m to drive it, where is
the angle of rotation of the shaft. The
machine is directly coupled to an engine
which produces a torque of (500+60
sin2 m. The flywheel and the other
rotating parts attached to the engine have
a mass of 500 kg at a radius of 400 mm. If
the mean speed is 150 rpm. Find;
(a)The maximum fluctuation of energy
(b)Total % fluctuation of speed
(c)Max & Min angular acceleration of the
flywheel
&
the
corresponding
shaft
positions.
TE
Excess Energy
T
(N-m)
00
Crank Angle
TE = Engine torque
T
M =Machine Torque
180
Data :
equate 2 360 180
0
The crank angle per cycle = 180 radians

0

m=500 kg
2 n
60
2 150
i.e.
15.71 rad/sec
60
(i) Excess energy stored by flywheel :

at which TE =TM Or (TE -TM ) = T = 0
i.e. (500 60sin 2 ) (500 50sin ) 0
(60sin 2 50sin )=0
Put sin2 = 2sincos
sin 12 cos 5 0. Either sin 0 00 ,1800
or 12 cos 5 0 cos 5
65.37 0
12
Considering max difference between consecutive crank positions,
1 = 65.37 0 &2 = 180 0
1
180
e=
(60sin 2 50sin ) d
65.37

e = -120.42 N - m (Take absolute value)
Also e=mk 2 2Cs 120.42 500 (0.4) 2 (15.71) 2 Cs
(iii) Maximum & Minimum angular acceleration :

Maximum acceleration (or retardation) is caused by
maximum fluctuation of torque from mean, i.e Tmax
(To find Tmax first find the crank positions at which
T is maximum & then substitute those values in the
equation of T.)
d
For max value of T,
( T) 0
d
d
(60sin 2 50sin ) 0
d
i.e.12 cos 2 - 5cos 0
i.e.12 cos 2 - 5cos 0

Put cos 2 (2 cos 2 1), we get
12(2 cos 2 1) - 5cos 0
2
24cos
- 5cos -12 =0
=35 0 & =127.6 0

At =35 0 :
T=60 sin(2 35)-50sin(35)= 27.7 N - m
27.7
Maximum acceleration max =
0.346 rad / sec 2
80
At =127.6 0 :
T=60 sin(2 127.6)-50sin(127.6)=-97.62 N - m
97.62
Maximum retardation max =
1.22 rad / sec 2
80
Flywheel for Punch press

Flywheel
Crank shaft
Crank
connecting
rod
Punching
tool
t
Plate
d
Die
Flywheel for Punch Press
Flywheel for Punch press

If d is the diameter of the hole to be
punched in a metal plate of thickness t , the
shearing area
A= d t mm2
If the energy or work done /sheared area is
given, the work done per hole =W.D/mm 2 x
Sheared area per hole.
As one hole is punched in every revolution,
WD/min=WD/hole x No of holes punched /min
Power of motor required P=WD per min/60
Excess energy Stored by Flywheel :

e =( E 1 E 2 )
where;
E 1 =Energy required per hole
E 2 =Energy supplied during actual punching
(E2 = Energy supplied per sec Actual time of punching)
Problem 11
A punching machine carries out 6 holes
per min. Each hole of 40 mm
diameter in 35 mm thick plate
requires 8 N-m of energy/mm2 of the
sheared area. The punch has a stroke
of 95 mm. Find the power of the motor
required if the mean speed of the
flywheel is 20 m/sec.
If the total fluctuation of speed is not to
exceed 3% of the mean speed,
determine the mass of the flywheel.
Data :
Mean speed of flywheel v=20m/sec
Cs 3% 0.03, Diameter of hole d=40 mm
Thickness of plate t=35 mm, Energy/mm 2 =8 N-m
Stroke length =95 mm,
No of holes/min=6 Speed of crank=6rpm
Time required to punch one hole= 10 secs
Solution :
Sheared area per hole =dt = 40 35 = 4398.2 3 mm 2
W.D/hole= 4398.23 8 = 35186 N - m
W.D/hole holes/min
Power of motor=
KW
3
60 10
35185.4 6
P
3.5186KW
3
60 10
As the punch travels 95 2 =190 mm in10 secs

actual time taken to punch one hole
Thickness of plate
T actual =
Time taken per cycle
2stroke length
35
T actual =
10= 1.842 Secs
190
Excess energy supplied by flywheel
e=Energy required/hole Energy supplied during actual punching
e=35186 (3518.6 1.842)= 28705 N - m
Also e = mv 2C s 28705 m( 20)2 0.03
m= 2392 Kg
Problem 12
A constant torque 2.5 KW motor drives
a riveting machine. The mass of the
moving parts including the flywheel is
125 kg at 700 mm radius. One riveting
operation absorbs 10000 J of energy
and takes one second. Speed of the
flywheel is 240 rpm before riveting.
Determine;
(i)The number of rivets closed per hour
(ii)The reduction in speed after riveting
operation.
Data :
Maximum speed of flywheel n1 =240 rpm 1
2 240
25.133 rad / sec
60
Energy required per rivet =10000 J

Time taken to close one rivet =1 sec
Energy supplied by motor=Power of motor =2.5KW=2500 J/sec
Mass of flywheel m=125 kg, Rad. of gyration k=700 mm
Mass M.O.I of flywheel I=125 (0.7) 2 61.25 Kg m 2
(i) Number of rivets closed per hour :
Energy supplied by motor =2.5KW=2500 J/sec
Energy supplied per hour =2500 3600 J
Energy required per rivet =10000 J
2500 3600 J
Number of rivets closed per hour will be=
900 rivets / hr
10000
( ii) Excess energy supplied by flywheel :

e=Energy required/rivet-Energy supplied by motor
e=(10000 2500) 7500 J
1
2
2
Also e = I 1 2
2
1
2
2
7500 61.25 (25.13) 2
2
19.66 60
2 19.66rad / sec n2
188rpm.
2
Reduction in speed after riveting=(n 1 n2 )

(240 - 188) = 52 rpm
Flywheel in Punching Press

What is Flywheel ?
Stores energy
Absorbs excess energy during power

stroke
Controls speed variations
Used in punching machines, shearing
machines,rivetting machines, crushers etc.
Reduces fluctuation of speed when load
on crankshaft is constant and i/p torque
varies during cycle.
FLYWHEEL (Conclusion):Flywheel used in machines serves as a

reservior,which stores energy during the period
when the supply of energy is more than the
requirement , and releases it during the period
when the requirement of energy is more than
the supply
Flywheel controls the speed
variations caused by the fluctuation of the
engine turning moment during each cycle of
operation
Flywheel attached with an engine
COEEFICIENT OF FLUCTUATION OF ENERGY:The difference between the maximum and

minimum speeds during a cycle is called the
maximum fluctuation of speed .the ratio of
maximum fluctuation of speed to mean
speed is called the coefficient of
fluctuation of speed.
N1 and N2 is maximum and minimum
speeds in r.p.m during the cycles
N is mean speed in r.p.m=(N1+N2)/2
Coefficient of fluctuation of speed ,
Cs=(N1-N2)/N=2(N1-N2)/(N1+N2)
The reciprocal of coeeficient of fluctuation of
speed is known as coefficient of stediness
m=1/Cs=N/(N1-N2)
Energy stored in a flywheel

M=mass of flywheel in kg,
K=Radius of gyration of flywheel in metres,
i=mass moment of inertia of flywheel about its axis
of rotation in kg-m^2
N1and N2 = maximum and minimum angular
speeds during the cycles in r.p.m,
W=mean angular speed during the cycle in
rad/sec=(w1+w2)/2
Delta E=MR^2W^2Cs = mv^2Cs
Dimension of the Flywheel Rim

D = Mean dia. Of rim in meter,
R = Mean radius of rim in meter,
A = Cross sectional area of rim
= density of rim material
N = Speed of the flywheel in r.p.m
= Angular velocity of the flywheel
= Linear velocity at mean radius
= Tensile stress or hoop stress
A =
Flywheel in Punching Press

Crank
shaft
Crank
Motor
Flywheel
Plate
Punch
Die
Crank is driven by motor which supplies constant

torque.
Load acts only during rotation of crank from =1
to =2,
Unless a flywheel is used speed of crankshaft will
increase during rotation of crank frm 2 to 2.
While drop in speed of crankshaft is very large
during rotn of crank frm 1 to 2.
Thus flywheel absorbs energy available at one
stage & makes up deficient energy at other stage
to keep fluctuations of speed within limits.
Relation for maximum fluctuation of energy

Let E1 be the energy required for punching a hole
punched,the thickness of the material and the
physical properties of
the material.
Let d1=Diameter of the hole punched,

t1=Thickness of the plate,
u=Ultimate shear stress for the
plate material.
Maximum shear force,
Fs=Area sheared x Ultimate shear stress
= d1 t1 u
Workdone or energy required for punching a hole,

E1=1/2.Fs.t
The energy supplied by the motor to the
crankshaft during actual punching operation,
E2=E1(2-1)/2
Therefore Balance energy required for
punching=E1{1-(2-1)/2}
Thus maximum fluctuation of energy,

E=E1-E2=E{1-(2-1)/2}
The values of 1 and 2 may be determined only
if the crank radius (r) ,
length of connecting rod (l) and the relative of job
with respect to the crankshaft axis are known.
In absence of relevant data ,we assume
(2-1)/2=t/2s=t/4r
t=Thickness of the material
s=Stroke of punch=2r
Problem
The equation of the turning moment curve of a

three crank engine is (5000+1500 sin 3)N-m,
where is the crank angle in radians. The
moment of inertia of the flywheel is 1000 kg-m
and the mean speed is 300 rpm.
Calculate: 1.Power of the engine,
2. the maximum fluctuation of speed of
flywheel in percentage when the
resisting torque is constant .
Given:
T=(5000+1500sin3)N-m,
I= 1000 kg-m,
N=300 rpm,
=31.42 rad/sec
1. Power of the engine
Workdone per revolution
={(5000+1500sin3)d,0,2}
={[5000-1500cos3/3],0,2}
=10000 N-m
Therefore
mean resisting torque,
Tmean= (workdone / rev)/2
= 10000/2
= 5000 N-m
P=Tmean.
=5000x31.42
=157.1 kW
2.Maximum fluctuation of the speed of flywheel

Let Cs=Max or total fluctuation of speed
(i) When resisting torque is constant:
The turning moment dia. is shown . Since the
resisting torque is constant , therefore the
torque exerted on shaft is equal the mean
resisting torque on the flywheel.
T=Tmean
5000+1500sin3=5000
3=0 or 180
= 0 or 60
Maximum fluctuation of energy,

E={(T-Tmean) d,0,60}
={(1500sin3) d,0,60}
=1000 N-m
Also , E=I..Cs
1000=1000(31.42) Cs
Cs=0.001 or 0.1% ---------ANS
Problem
A riveting machine is driven by a constant torque
3 kW motor. The moving parts including the
flywheel are equivalent to 150 kg at 0.6 m radius.
One riveting operation takes 1 sec and absorbs
10000 N-m of energy.The speed of the flywheel is
300rpm before riveting. Find the speed
immediately after riveting. How many rivets can
be closed per minute.
Given: P=3 kW;

m=150kg;
k=0.6m;
N1=300 rpm;
1=31.42 rad/sec
Let 2= Angular speed of flywheel after riveting
E2= 3 kW=3000W=3000 N-m/s
E1=10000 N-m
E=E1-E2=10000-3000=7000 N-m
We know that max fluctuation of energy(E),

7000=1/2 . m.k[(
1)-(
2)]
2=26.98 rad/sec
Corresponding speed in rpm;
N2=26.98x60/2
=257.6 rpm
Since the energy absorbed by each riveting

operation which takes 1 sec is 10000
Nm,therefore numbers of rivets that can be
closed per minute
= (E2/E1)x60
=(3000/10000)x60
=18 rivets --------------Ans
Given: N=800 rpm;

=83.77 rad/s;
Fluctuation of speed=2%
Coeff.of fluctuation of speed
=(1-2)/
=0.02
1mm=700 Nm vertically and
3 degree=3x/180 rad
1mm=700x/60
=36.65 Nm
Problem
Turning moment dia for a six cylinder engine has
been drawn to a scale 1mm=700Nm vertically
and 1mm=3degree horizontally.The intercepted
area under the dia starting from A w.r.t. mean
resisting load line is -52,+120,-95,+145,-85,+71,106 mm.Engine
speed is 800 rpm. Find moment

of inerti of flywheel to present fluctuations of
speed greater than 2% from mean speed
Let Total energy at A=E then,

total energy at B=E-52 min energy
total energy at C=E-52+120
total energy at D=E-52+120-95
total energy at E=E-52+120-95+145
total energy at F=E-52+120-95+145-85
total energy at G=E-52+120-95+145-85+71
total energy at H=E-52+120-95+145-85+71106
=E-2
Maximum Fluctuation of Energy,

E=Max energy-Min energy
=( E+118)-(E-52)
=170 mm
E = 170 x 36.65
E = 6230.5 Nm ------------Ans
Also,
E=ICs
I=6230.5/(83.77x0.02)
I=44.4 kg m --------------------Ans

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TURNING MOMENT DIAGRAM

Mr.K.Vinoth Kumar, M.Tech,(Ph.D)

Fig of an engine having flywheel

TURNING MOMENT DIAGRAM FOR SINGLE

TURNING MOMENT DIAGRAM FOR

Its assumed that the work done by the

When the turning moment is positive that is when the

TURNING MOMENT DIAGRAM FOR A FOUR

Turning Moment (Crank Effort) Diagram

Turning Moment (Or Crank Effort)

Turning moment diagram is a graphical

Fig of multi cylinder engine

TMD for a multi cylinder

cylinders and the resultant TMD fig.

Example of multicylinder engine

The difference between the maximum and

The mean resisting torque line AF cuts the turning moment

Determination of max. Fluctuation of

E = (E+a1) (E+a1-a2+a3-a4) = a2-a3+a4

Let the energy in the flywheel at A =E

Maximum energy in flywheel= E+a1

Coefficient of Fluctuation of Energy

CE = Maximum fluctuation of energy

work done per cycle

Work done per cycle = Tmean *

DISK TYPE FLYWHEEL

DISK TYPE FLYWHEEL

RIM TYPE FLYWHEEL

Comparision between Disk Type & Rim Type Flywheel :

** It is often expressed as the ratio of excess energy

EXPRESSION FOR ENERGY STORED BY A FLYWHEEL

1 & 2 be the max & min speeds of the flywheel

EXPRESSION FOR ENERGY STORED BY A FLYWHEEL

EXPRESSION FOR ENERGY STORED BY A FLYWHEEL

MASS OF FLYWHEEL IN TERMS OF

TURNING MOMENT DIAGRAM

Work done per cycle

7360= WE WE WE 11040 N-m

Excess energy stored by the flywheel

We know that excess energy is given by

Hence mass moment of inertia of flywheel

Work done per cycle :

The energy stored by the flywheel is given by

0.09 3t t=0.1732m 173 mm

(ii) Energy stored by flywheel :

(i) Power developed by engine :

(iii) Mass of flywheel

50749.27 m (1) (15.71) 0.04

Hence, Maximum fluctuation of energy

Energy stored by the flywheel :

62.84 rad / sec,

Diameter of the flywheel :

Dimensions of the crossection of the rim :

WD/cycle=Net area under TMD

Excess energy stored by flywheel

Excess energy e = Max Energy-Min energy

299.43 m (0.125) 2 (314.16) 2 0.00667

(i) Power developed by the engine :

Crank angle per cycle

(ii) Coefficent of fluctuation of speed C s

Coefficient of fluctuation of speed = 0.0668 = 6.68%

(i) Mean torque Tm :

Crank angle per cycle 2

Modified TMD for 3 Cylinder engine