POSSIBLE POLICY OPTIONS AND NEW

APPROACHES

Victor Castro Rosa

Cumberland Lodge Residential Weekend 25.06.2016

1. Formulating the problem: is Copyright still the correct tool for the digital
age?

If so, what changes will be necessary?

If not, how to protect intelectual property?
Sources:
2012:
- The Six Models of Copyright Infringement, - a data-driven study of
websites considered to be infringing Copyright, PRS and Google
2011:
LaRue, F. Report of the Special Rapporteur on the promotion and
protection of the right to freedom of opinion and expression, UN
General Assembly , Human Rights Council
Joint Declaration on Freedom of Expression and the Internet by UN,
OSCE, OAS and ACHPR
Battisti, M. La necessaire volution du droit dauteur, Sciences de
lInformation Vol 48, n. 3 p. 30

2. Quantifying the damage suffered by

rightholders
Is there really a damage caused by infringement?
If so, how can it be quantified?
Should it be presumed?
If not, how to preserve incentive to create?
Sources:
2015: IVIR, Remuneration of authors and performers for the use of their works and the
fixations of their performances Final Report
2014: Measuring Infringement of Intellectual Property Rights, Intellectual Property Office
2012:Hoorens, S., Hunt, P.; Malchiodi,A; Pacula, R.; Kadyyala, S.; Rabinovich, L.; Irving, B.
Measuring IPR infringements in the internal market
Helberger, N . Et al. Ups and Downs Economic and Cultural Effects of File Sharing Music,
Film and Games, University of Amsterdam, Amst.Law School Legal Studies Research
Paper No. 2012-33, Institute for Information Law Research Paper N. 2012-27
2011: MPA, The cost of Content Theft By the numbers
2007:OECD Report on piracy

3. How to find the right balance between creators

rights and public interest/access to cultural goods?
The traditional monopolistic model (exclusive rights);
Legal licenses, exceptions and limitations, right to equitable remuneration, collective
administration;
DRM and other forms of TPMs versus levies, etc.
Sources:
2016:Digital Rights Management (DRM). 2016.Encyclopaedia Britannica Online. Retrieved
08.06.2016 from http:// www.britannica.com/topic/digital-rights-management
Encoding.com, Leading DRM Technologies and Encoding.coms Support for Each
2014:European Parliament resolution of 27 February on private copying levies (2013/2114(INI))
2012: Smith , M. and Telang, R. Assessing the Academic Literature Regarding the Impavt of
Media Piracy on Sales, ,Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA
Hoorens, S. et al (RAND), Measuring IPR Infringements in the Internal Market, Developping of
aNew Approach to estimating the impact of infringement on sales
2011: Vernik et al. Music Downloads and the Flipside of Digital Rights Management Protection,
Marketing Science, Articles in Advance pags 1-17 http:// dx.doi.org/10.1287/mkts.1110.0668
2007:Wiki, Digital Rights Management
2005: Electronic Frontier Foundation, Digital Rights Management: a failure in the developed
world, a danger to the developing world
2003: COYLE, K. The Technology of Rights: Digital Rights Management

4. What does the consumer want current trends and posible recovery of
market.

Availability
Low price;
Storage capacity
Sources:
2015:Ho, M.Hung, J.Masnick, M. (COPIA) The carrot or the Stick? Innovation vs. AntiPiracyEnforcement
2014: Behind the Cyberlocker Door, A report on how Shasdowly Cyberlocker Business
Use Credit Card Companies to Make Millions, Digital Citizens Alliance andNetnames,
2013: Le Crosnier, H. (coord.) , Culturenum, Jeunesse, Culture & Education dans la
vague numrique Retrieved on 10.06.2016 from http://cfeditions.com
2012: DangNguyen, G. et al . Are streaming and other music consumption modes
substtutes or complements?, Telecom Bretagne, Universit de Bretagne Occidentale
2011: Le Crosnier, H. Entre Rente et Innovation, La recherche de nouveaux modles
conomiques d accs, 2011/3 (Vol 48) p. 22 -23 Retrieved on 10.06.2016 from
http://www.cairn.info/revue-documentaliste-sciences-de-l-information-2011-3-page22.htm

5. Strict enforcement of Copyright:

Court Litigation the role of IP Courts;
ADR and Administrative intervention;
Website blocking and other injunctions.
Sources:
2016: Romero-Moreno, F. The Digital Economy Act :subscriber monitoring and the right to
privacyunder Article 8 of the ECHR, International Review of Law,
Computers & Technology, DOI: 10.1080/13600869.2016.1176320
2016: De Werra, J. et al., Specialised Intellectual Property Courts Issues and Challenges, Global
Perspectives and Challenges for the Intellectual Property System CEPI-ICTSD, Issue Nr. 2,
2015: IRIS Plus 2015-3 Copyright enforcement online: policies and mechanisms
Copyright Infringement & Site Blocking, Australia Copyright Council
Landmark Decision of German Federal Court of Justice on Blocking of Copyright-infringing Websites,
Morrison & Foerster LLP Attorney Advertising
2014: CJEU Decision on Case C-314/12 (UPC Telekabel vs Constantinfilmverleih, Wega
Productionsgesellschaft
2012: Wang, F. Current Developments Europe ,
2010: Site Blocking to reduce online copyright infringement A review of sections 17 and 18 of the
Digital Economy Act

6. The graduated response: what

effectiveness?
Australia; France; United Kingdom;; Ireland: Italy; Greece;
Spain, New-Zealand, South-Korea, Nigeria and the USA;
Sources: www.graduatedresponse.org/ Countries
2015/2016: Danaher , B. Smith, M.D. and Telang, R. The effect of
Piracy Website Blocking on Consumer Behavior , SSRN
Draft law provision on the Administrative removal and blocking of
online copyright infringing content
Copyright Infringement & Site Blocking, Australian Copyright Council
2014: Wang, F. Site-blocking Orders in the EU: Justifications and
Feasilibilty
2012: Wang, F. Response to Public Consultation on Procedures for
Notifying Illegal Content Hosted by Online Intermediaries, 2012, Issue
91 Intellectual Property Forum 93-98

7. Follow the Money approach:

Effectiveness?
Self-Regulatory models: U.K., Australia
Coregulated models: the case of Portugal
(Memorandum of Understanding between
the rightholders associations and the ISPs
Association the Ministery of Culture and
several other entities)
Sources:
2015: Copyright Notice Scheme Industry Code, Communications
Alliance, Ltd.
2014: Weatherley, M. MP, Follow the Money: Financial Options To
Assist In the Battle Against Online IP Piracy, A discussion Paper by
Maike Weatkerley MP, IP Adviser to the Prime Minister

8. New approaches: Freemium vs Premium

Can non-copyright restrictions act as an incentive for the
increasing use of legal services?
Sources:
2015: OATS Online Article Tracking System managing Copyright Infringement, NLA Media
access.
Quintais, J.P. Alternative compensation models for large-scale non-comercial online uses,
paper presented at the ALAI International Congress 50 years of the German Copyright Act
Quintais, J.P. ,Revisiting Alternative Compensation Schemes- na interdisciplinar approach, IVIR,
Copyright in an age of accdss: alternatives to Copyright IEnforcement
2014: Quintais, J.P. Private Copying and Downloading from Unlawful Sources , Amsterdam Law
Scool Legal Studies Research Paper n. 2014-55; Institute for Information Law , Research
paper n. 2014-03
2012: Halmenschlager, C. and Waelbroeck, P. Fighting Free with Free: Streaming vs. Piracy
Cardoso, G. et al, The compensation for online filesharing of copyrightes works, OBERCOM
2011: The Content Flat-Rate A solution to ilegal file-sharing? Media Consulting Group

9. European Commission reformist ongoing initiatives:

Borderless market of digital services;

Cable & Satellite Directive reform;
Understanding the role of content distribution platforms;
Implementation of Collective Management Societies
Transparency Directive;

Sources:
2011:
Document COM (2011) 2007 final A single market for intelectual property
rights. Boosting creativity and innovation to provide economic growth, high
quality jobs and first class products and services in Europe
Document SEC(2011) Commission Staff Working Document Online service,
including e-commerce, in the Single Market, accompanying the Communication
A coherent framework to boost confidence in the Digital Single Market of ecommerce and other online services (Document COM (2011) 942 final

10. Should there be any more exceptions &

limitations?

Existing exceptions and Limitations to Copyright

Transient reproduction;
Private Copy:
Public libraries, museums, archives;
Right to information:
Citation and summary;

The importance of the tree-step rule

Data Mining
Panorama
Public Libraries and Scientific Research

11. The French approach: Olivennes Report

and HADOPI Law
2015: Sirinelli, P., Benazeraf, J-A, Bensamoun, A., Mission articulation des
Directivex 2000/31 et 2001/29, Raport et propositions
2014: HADOPI Dpartement tudes et Veille Rmuneration proportionelle
du partage, Bibliographie, Retrieved on 10.06.2016 from http://
www.hadopi.fr
2012:Documento (COM) 2011 942 final Comission staff working paper ,
Online services , including e-commerce, in the Single Market,
accompanying the sdocument A nuclear framewok to boost confence in
the Digtal Single Market of e-commerce and other online services
2007: Olivennes, D., Bomsel, O., Falque-Pierrotin, I., Faure, P, Botteghi,
D.Fringant, O., Le developpement et la protection des uvres culturelles
sur les nouveaux reaseaux, Raport au Munistre de la Culture et de la
Communication

12. The German approach

The theory of Strerhaftung.

The subsidiary liability of ISPs.
Sources:
2015: Wagner, C. and Hieronimy, J. Landmark decision of German
Federal Court of Justice on Blocking of Copyright-infringing Websites

13. The U.S. approach and the D.M.C.A.

Contributory Liability v. Vicarious Liability;
Sony
Napster
Grokster
Megaupload
BMG Rights Management (US) LLC v. Cox Com., Inc
Sources:
2015: BMG Rights Management (US) v. COX COMMUNICATIONS, Inc , U.S. District Court, Alexandria
Division (01.Dec.)
Zimmerman, E. P2P Filesharing Direct and Indirect Copyright Infringement
Copyright Infringement Tips for Movie & Music Download Cases, by Thompson Hall , Santi Cerny &
Katrov , (01.12.2015)
2012: Milward Brown Digital, Understanding the Role of Search in Online Piracy
2009: Lunardi, J. Guerilla Video: potential Copyright Liability for websites that ndex links to
unauthorized streaming content, Fordham Intellectual Property, Media and Entertainment Law Journal,
Vol 19, Issue 4 art. 5
2000: Yen, A. ISP liability for Subscriber Copyright Infringeent and the First Amendment , Boston
College law School, Research paper n 2000-03
Ginsburg, J. Separating the SONY sheep from the GROKSTER goats reckoning the future businessplans of copyright-dependente technology entrepreneurs , Columbia Law School

14. MAIN RECOMMENDATIONS

Policy mix instead of a one-size-fitsall solution

Both carrot and Stick are necessary,
although:
Strict enforcement requires Court decisions or
risks becoming a violation of privacy, or
freedom of expression;
Graduated approach seems to be loosing
ground on account of costs;
Cultural Flat-rate too dangerous for developing
business models and not easily accepted by
consumers;

CONCLUSION: is Copyright still fit

for the digital age?
YES, but the focus must change: ISPs and searchengines must take the responsibility of obtaining
blanket licenses for clearing all contents which their
subscribers may find , upload or download;
The rationale for that lies with the fact that they provide
access do content, and their business model relies upon
the availability of content;
ISPs and search engines have the power to negotiate
blanket licenses with rightholders, as much as the
operators of content distribution platforms negociate
with content producers and then sell packaged content.

Maybe the answer shall come from the Cab Sat

Directive reform, currently ongoing, extended to online

INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY
INFRINGEMENT ON THE INTERNET

INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY
INFRINGEMENT ON THE INTERNET

INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY
INFRINGEMENT ON THE INTERNET

INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY
INFRINGEMENT ON THE INTERNET

INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY
INFRINGEMENT ON THE INTERNET