NOMENCL

ATURE &
CHEMICAL
REACTION
A MRS.
J. KIM
S
PROD

VERSIO

N 2.0

UCTION

E
R

M
E
U
H
T
C
LA &

E
C
R
N U

E L AT
M NC
O
N ME
N

IC

IO

.1

Ionic Compounds (Salts)

Salt = An ionic compound
Consist of cations & anions
(Often metal & nonmetal)

Electrically neutral
Cation & anion charges cancel each other
out

Naming Type 1 Ionic Compounds

Name the cation (usually a metal)
Name the nonmetal and add ide
suffix

C = carbide
N = nitride
P = phosphide
O = oxide
S = sulfide

Se = selenide
F = fluoride
Cl = chloride
Br = bromide
I = iodide

Example 4.1.A
Give the name of
metal

sodium

NaCl
nonmetal w/ -ide

chlorid
e

Example 4.1.B
Give the name of
metal

MgI2

nonmetal w/
-ide

magnesiu iodide
m

Does this
subscript affect
the name of the
salt?
So why is
the 2
subscript
necessar
y?

Ionic Compound Formulas

Ionic compounds have a zero net
charge
The cation charges need to cancel out
the anion charges

Mg2+

(2+) and (1-) =

Net 1+ charge

(2+) and 2(1-) =

Net 0 charge

Formula =
MgI2

Ionic Compound Formulas

Always use the lowest ratio possible
Mg2I4 also has
2+

Mg
I
I
a net zero
charge, but it
Mg2+
I I
is not in the
lowest
possible ratio
Mg2I4 can be simplified to MgI2 which
is the correct answer.

Example 4.1.C
What is the name and chemical formula of an
ionic compound that forms between aluminum
& chlorine?
(3+) and (1-)
= Net 2+
charge
Al3+
Cl
(3+) and 2(1-)

Cl

Cl

= Net 1+
charge
(3+) and 3(1-)
= Net 0
charge

Formula = AlCl3
Name = Aluminum
Chloride

Example 4.1.D
Give the name and chemical formula of
the salts that form when the following
combine:
Lithium & Nitrogen
Potassium & Chlorine
Barium & Oxygen
Calcium & Phosphorus
Magnesium & Bromine

Type II Ionic Compounds

Give the chemical formula and name of
the salts that form when tin & oxygen
combine:

Sn2

O2

SnO

O2
O2

SnO2

Sn4
+

Different
cation
charges
result in
different
chemical
formulas

Type II Ionic Compounds

The names of the compounds are
differentiated by Roman numerals indicating
the charge of the cation.

Sn2

O2

oxide

Sn4
+

SnO = tin (II)

O2
O2

SnO2 = tin (IV)

oxide

Roman Numerals
Do not use Roman numerals for Group
1A, 2A and 3A metals, Ag+ and Zn2+

1
2
3
4
5

I
II
III
IV
V

6
7
8
9
10

VI
VII
VIII
IX
X

Example 4.1.E
Cr
What is the name of CrF3Problem:
?

Cr?+

F
F

Must be 3+ to
create a net zero
charge

makes a 2+ or
3+ charge, so
how do we
know which
one to use?

3-

Chromium (III) Fluoride

Example 4.1.F
What is the name of Fe3N2?

Fe?+
Fe

?+

Fe

?+

Must be 6+ to
create a net zero
charge

N3
N3

6+ divided by
3 = 2+ charge
on each Fe

6-

Iron (II) nitride

Example 4.1.G
Give the name of the following
salts:

AuCl
CuBr

AuCl3
FeS

Brain Check #1
In the name cobalt (II) fluoride, the roman
numeral (II) represents
(a) the number of cobalt ions
(b) the number of fluoride ions
(c) the charge of the individual cobalt
ions
(d) the charge of the individual fluoride
ions
(e) the total charge of all the cobalt
ions
(f) the total charge of all the fluoride
ions

Polyatomic Ions
Polyatomic ions = ions that are made
up of more than one atom
poly = many
Treat these polyatomic ions as other regular
ions
(Refer to your list of polyatomic ions.)

Polyatomic Ions

Polyatomic Ions
Polyatomic ions = ions that are made
up of more than one atom
poly = many
Treat these polyatomic ions as other regular
ions
# of Oxygen
Atoms
Decrease

Rule

Per___ate

Example

ClO4 =
perchlorate

___ate

ClO3 = chlorate

___ite

ClO2 = chlorite

Hypo___ite ClO =
hypochlorite

Notice
that the
charge
stays the
same!

Example 4.1.H
What is the name and formula of the
salt that forms from ammonium &
sulfate?
You must

NH4+ NH4+

SO42

use
parentheses
around the
polyatomic
4 2
4
ion if more
than one is
needed
When naming using polyatomic ions,
do not change the name of the
polyatomic ion

(NH ) SO
Ammonium
sulfate

Example 4.1.I
What is the name and formula of the
salt that forms from aluminum &
hydroxide?

Al3+

OH

Al(OH)3
Aluminum
hydroxide

OH

OH

You must
use
parentheses
around the
polyatomic
ion if more
than one is
needed

Example 4.1.J
Give the name and formula of the salts
that form when the following combine:

Potassium & Carbonate

Magnesium & Hydroxide
Ammonium & Phosphate

Covalent Compounds
(Molecules)

Molecule = A covalent compound

Consist of nonmetals (NOT ions)
Use prefixes to show the number of
atoms for each element of a binary
compound
Unlike in salts, atoms in molecules can
have varying ratios
Use ide suffix for the second (last)
nonmetal

Prefixes
Use
mono-
only for the
second
element of
a binary
compound

1 Mono2 Di3 Tri4 Tetra5 Penta-

6 Hexa7 Hepta
8 Octa9 Nona1 Deca0

Example 4.1.K
Name the following molecules:

CO2
CO
N2O5
SF6

Note that all

the elements
in these
compounds
are
NONMETALS

Nomenclature Recap

Example 4.1.L
Which of the following compounds is
named incorrectly?
(a) K3N

potassium nitride

(b) TiO2 titanium (II) oxide

(c) SnBr4

tin (IV) bromide

(d) PBr5 phosphorous pentabromide

(e) CaS
calcium sulfide

Acids
Acid = a hydrogen ion (H+) donor
Therefore, acids need to have at least one
hydrogen atom

Hydrogen is usually the first element in an

acids formula
H+ & anion

Naming Acids without Oxygen

Hydro___ic acids
Acid
HCl

Anion
Cl

Name
Hydrochloric acid

HCN
H2S

CN
S2

Hydrocyanic acid
Hydrosulfuric acid

NOTE: hydro- is used because oxygen is

lacking, NOT because there is a hydrogen.

Naming Acids With Oxygen

Oxoacid = acid w/ oxygen
- ate -ic acid
- ite -ous acid

Memorizing
Tip:
-ate -ic
I ate
something
icky
iteous
Dynamite is
Name
dangerous

Acid
H2SO4

Anion
SO42 (sulfate)

sulfuric acid

H2SO3

SO32 (sulfite)

sulfurous acid

H3PO4

PO43
(phosphate)

phosphoric acid

HNO2

NO2 (nitrite)

nitrous acid

S
IO
T
& N C
S IO R E A
M AT L
O U CA
T
A Q EMI
E CH
G
N G&
I
N E
T
I
R
N
C
U
U N AT
O
C ALAN C L
B OME
N

.2

Counting Atoms

Molecule(s)

Number of Atoms

H 2O

H=

O=

PO4-3

P=

O=

Ca3(PO4)2

Ca =

P=

O=

5 Ca3(PO4)2

Ca =

P=

O=

BaCl2 + 2 O2

Ba =

Cl =

O=

CH3OH + O2

C=

H=

5 CO2 + 12 H2O

C=

O=

H=

3 Sn(SO4)2 + 4
K3PO4

Sn =

S=

O=

K=

P=

Chemical Equations
Chemical Reaction = when atoms of one or
more substances are rearranged to form
different substances
Chemical reactions are represented by chemical
equations
H2 + O2 H2O
Reactants Products
Reactants = the starting substances (usually on the
left)
Products = the ending substances (usually on the
right)
We use arrows instead of equal signs to show in
which direction the reaction is taking place.

Balancing Equations
Chemical equations must be balanced
because of the Law of Conservation of
Matter
Law of Conservation of Matter = matter
(atoms) is neither created nor destroyed,
but atoms can be rearranged
Therefore, the number of atoms of each
element in the reactants should be the
same as the number of atoms of each
element in the products.

Balancing Equations
To balance chemical equations,
change the coefficient
You cannot change the chemical
formulas of the compounds!!
ie: You cannot change H2O to H2O2 if you
need one more oxygen to make an
equation balanced

Example 4.2.A
3 ___
___ ___ BaCl2 +
Ba(ClO
O2 1
1 3)2
Balance
2 Ba | B 2
d!!
a 2 6
6
Cl | Cl
Note: A blank coefficient represents 1
O | O

Example 4.2.B
___ Al
2 AlCl3 + ___
33
26
3 + ___. ___
H2 1 2
6 1 HCl.

6
6
6
6

2
3
3
3
3

Al
|
Al
1
1
1
2
1
1 H | H 2
3
1 Cl | Cl 3

TIP: Balance pure elements

LAST.

2
6
6
6
6

In this
example,
balance Al
last

Example 4.2.C
__ Al
3 2O3 + __. __ Al2(SO4)3 + __ 3
2H2SO
Al4 | H
Al2O 2

32 Al
O
O
6 3
2
H
2 SOH4
3 1
1 SO44

|
||
||
|

Al
O
O
H
H
SO4
SO44

21 3
1 6
2
2
3
3

TIP: Keep polyatomic ions together if they

appear unchanged in the reactants & products.

Example 4.2.C
2 __ MoS2 +7__
O2.
1 Mo
2 21 Mo
Mo
S
4 22
S
O
14 2
O

|
||
||
|

__
2 MoO3 + __4
SO
Mo2 1 2
Mo
Mo 11 2
S
S
O
51 84
O
5 8 14

TIP: Balance atoms that

appear in only two formulas.
Leave elements that appear
in 3 or more formulas until
later.

In this
example,
balance O
last since it
appears in
more than
one product

YI

G
N

E
R
F
I
U
T
S
A
S
L
C
A
N
CLO M E
N

&

R
C

S
N
S
N CTIO
OEA
I
T
R
C
L
A
E CA
H

.3

Synthesis & Decomposition

Reactions

Synthesis (AKA Combination)

reactions
NOTE: multiple reactants ONE
product

Decomposition reactions
NOTE: ONE reactant multiple
products

Single Replacement Reactions

Single Replacement Reaction = part of an
ionic compound is removed and replaced by a
new element
Cationic SR = when the cation is replaced
Anionic SR = when the anion is replaced
NOTE: There is one element and one ionic
compound on each side.

Double Replacement Reactions

Double Replacement (AKA Metathesis)
Reaction = two ionic compounds dissolved in
water (aq) switch partners to form two new ionic
compounds

NOTE: Two ionic compounds on both

sides

AB + CD AD + BC

Types of DR Reactions
Precipitation Reaction = two aqueous
solutions react to form a solid product (See
Section 4.4)
Neutralization Reaction (AKA Acid-Base
Reactions)
Acid + Base Aalt (ionic compound) + water
Acids begin with H
Bases include a hydroxide ion (OH-)

Combustion Reactions
Combustion = Hydrocarbon + O2 CO2 +
H2O
Hydrocarbon = a compound consisting
primarily of hydrogen and carbon

NOTE: CO2 and H2O are always

products
NOTE: O2 is always a reactant

Oxidation-Reduction Reactions
Redox = oxidation-reduction
reactions = electrons are transferred
between atoms
DR are never redox
SR and combustion reactions are always
redox
(See Section 4.5 for more information)

Types of Reactions

Synthesis (S)
Decomposition (D)
Combustion (C)
Single Replacement
Cationic Single Replacement (SRC)
Anionic Single Replacement (SRA)

Double replacement (AKA Metathesis) (DR)

Acid-Base (AKA Neutralization) (AB)
Precipitation (P)

Oxidation-Reduction (Redox)

Example 4.3.A
Give all possible classifications for the following
reactions and explain:

2 H2 + O2 2 H2O
2 H2O 2 H2 + O2
Zn + H2SO4 ZnSO4 + H2
2 CO + O2 2 CO2
2 HgO 2 Hg + O2

Example 4.3.B
Give all possible classifications for the following
reactions and explain:

2 KBr + Cl2 2 KCl + Br2

CaO + H2O Ca(OH)2
AgNO3 + NaCl AgCl + NaNO3
2 H2O2 2 H2O + O2
Ca(OH)2 + H2SO4 CaSO4 + 2 H2O

S
IO
T
N AC
IO E

T
L
C
A
A
IC
E
R EM

G
N &

I RE
T
IC A T U

D CL
E
R EN
N

.4

Driving Forces of Reactions

Chemical reactions do not occur unless
there is a driving force to encourage the
reaction to take place
Driving forces of Chemical Reactions
Formation of a solid (precipitate)
Formation of a gas
Formation of water
Transfer of electrons

Synthesis Reactions
Metal + Nonmetal Salt
A piece of lithium metal is dropped into a
container of nitrogen gas.

Metal Oxide + Water Base

Solid sodium oxide is added to water
Solid magnesium oxide is added to water

Synthesis Reactions
Nonmetal Oxide + Water Acid
(Make sure the nonmetal retains its oxidation
number)
Carbon dioxide is bubbled into water
Dinitrogen pentoxde is bubbled into water

Synthesis Reactions
Metal Oxide + Nonmetal Oxide Salt
Solid sodium oxide is added to carbon dioxide
Solid calcium oxide is added to sulfur trioxide

Decomposition Reactions
Metal carbonate metal oxide + CO2
A sample of magnesium carbonate is heated

Metal chlorate metal chloride + O2

A sample of magnesium chlorate is heated

Binary compound 2 elements

Molten sodium chloride is electrolyzed

SR Reactions
Whether an
element will
replace an ion in
an ionic compound
or not depends on
their placements in
the activity series.

Metals

Decreasing
Activity

Haloge
ns

Lithium

Most Active

Fluorine

Potassium

Chlorine

Calcium

Bromine

Sodium

Iodine

Magnesiu
m

Aluminum

Zinc

Chromium

Iron

Nickel

Tin

Lead

Hydrogen

Copper

Mercury

Single Replacement Reactions

A(metal) + BC AC + B
Magnesium turnings are added to a solution
of iron (III) chloride

A(nonmetal) + BC BA + C
Chlorine gas is bubbled into a solution of
potassium fluoride

Single Replacement Reactions

Active metals replace hydrogen in water
Sodium is added to water

Active metals replace hydrogen in acids

Lithium is added to hydrochloric acid

Double Replacement Reactions

Ionic compounds switch partners
Remember that ionic compounds are
neutral, so the charges of the ions must
cancel each other out!
See Section 4.5 for more details

Combustion Reactions
Will always produce CO2 and H2O

Example 4.4.A
Predict the products of the reactants below. Write
a molecular equation. Then classify each reaction.
Magnesium bromide reacts with chlorine

Aluminum reacts with iron (III) oxide

Silver nitrate reacts with zinc chloride

Example 4.4.A
Predict the products of the reactants below. Write
a molecular equation. Then classify each reaction.
Zinc reacts with hydrochloric acid (HCl)
Sulfuric acid (H2SO4) reacts with sodium
hydroxide
Sodium metal reacts with elemental hydrogen
Acetic acid (HC2H3O2) reacts with copper metal

IN

S
N S
O N
I
T
E
R
O
C TI T U
A
A
E
U
L
R OL N C
S ME
N

U
Q
A
&

S
U
EO

IC

IO

.5

Precipitation Reactions
Some double replacement reactions are
precipitation reactions
Precipitate = solid that forms from a
chemical reaction
Reactants must consist of two aqueous (in
water) ionic compounds

Net Ionic Equations

Molecular Equation
Includes products, reactants, coefficients and physical
states.
Refer to the Solubility Rules to determine physical
states of the products
Ionic Equation
Shows the aqueous reactants as ions
Shows gases, solids and liquids as compounds.
Physical state and coefficients are also shown.
Net Ionic Equation
Same as the complete ionic equation but without the
spectator ions (ions that are exactly the same on the
reactant side and product side)

Physical States
Physical States you should already know
Water (l) ice (s)
water vapor (g)
Halogens:
F2 (g)
Cl2 (g)
Br2 (l)
I2 (s)
Other diatomic molecules
N2 (g) O2 (g)
H2 (g)
Solutions (aq) & Acids (aq)
Elemental metals (s)

Physical States

If you dont know the state of an ionic compound, use the

SOLUBILITY RULES (see next slide)
Soluble = the compound is 100% dissolved in water

Slightly Soluble = a partial amount of the compound is

dissolved in water (only a few ions)

no compound present, only ions in solution

strong electrolyte (conducts electricity)
aqueous physical state

considered insoluble
weak electrolyte
solid physical state

Insoluble = none of the compound dissolves in water

compounds only, no ions present

weak or not an electrolyte
solid physical state.

Solubility Rules
Exceptions
(Insoluble)

Soluble
ammonium

NH4+

Group 1A
elements

H+, Li+, Na+,

K+, Rb+,
Cs+, Fr+

acetate

C2H3O2-

chlorate

ClO

halides

Cl , Br , I

nitrate

NO3-

Carbonat
e
Hydroxid
e
Oxide

3
-

perchlorat
e

ClO4-

sulfate

SO42-

Ag , Hg
+

2+
2

, Pb

2+

Exceptions
(Soluble)

Insoluble

Phosphat
e
Sulfide
Sulfite
Silver

CO32OHO2-

*
*, Ba2+, Ca2+,
Sr2+
*, Ba2+, Ca2+,
Sr2-+

PO43-

S2SO32Ag+

*
*
NO3-, C2H3O2* = Group 1A & NH4+

Ag+, Ba2+, Ca2+,

Pb2+, Hg2+, Sr2+

Example 4.4.A
Given the ions below, will a precipitate form?
Hydrogen & nitrate
Lead (II) & chromate
Barium & chloride
Copper (II) & sulfide
Ammonium & sulfate
Iron (III) & hydroxide
Calcium & sulfate
Lithium & nitrate

Example 4.4.B
What is the net ionic equation for the
reaction of lead (II) nitrate with iron (III)
Remember that in a
sulfate?
DR reaction, the

Molecular Equation:

ions switch
partners!

3 Pb(NO3)2 (aq) + Fe2(SO4) 3 (aq)

3 PbSO4 (s) + 2 Fe(NO3) 3
(aq)
Per the solubility rules:
Pb2+ switches NO3-
NO3- is always soluble
2SO4
22+
Fe3+ switches SO42-
NO3-

SO4 is soluble BUT Pb

is an exception

Example 4.4.B (cont.)

Ionic Equation
3 Pb2+ (aq) + 6 NO3- (aq) + 2 Fe3+ (aq) + 3 SO42(aq)
3 PbSO4 (s) + 2 Fe3+ (aq) + 6 NO3- (aq)

Net Ionic Equation

3 Pb2+ (aq) + 3 SO42- (aq) 3 PbSO4 (s)

Example 4.4.C
Give the molecular, ionic, and net ionic equation
for the reaction between aqueous solutions of
barium nitrate and potassium chromate.

Example 4.4.C (Answers)

Molecular Equation
Ba(NO3)2 (aq) + K2CrO4 (aq) 2 KNO3 (aq) +
BaCrO4 (s)

Ionic Equation
Ba2+ (aq) + 2 NO3- (aq) + 2 K+ (aq) + CrO42- (aq)
2 K+ (aq) + 2 NO3- (aq) + BaCrO4 (s)

Net Ionic Equation

Ba2+ (aq) + CrO42- (aq) BaCrO4 (s)

Example 4.4.D
Give the molecular, ionic, and net ionic equation
for the reaction between aqueous solutions of
silver nitrate and ammonium thiocyanate
(SCN).

Example 4.4.D (Answers)

Molecular Equation
AgNO3 (aq) + NH4SCN (aq) AgSCN (s) + NH4NO3
(aq)

Ionic Equation
Ag+ (aq) + NO3- (aq) + NH4+ (aq) + SCN- (aq)
AgSCN (s) + NH4+ (aq) + NO3- (aq)

Net Ionic Equation

Ag+ (aq) + SCN- (aq) AgSCN (s)

S
N CAL
IO M I

T
E
H
C C
A
E &

R URE

D
E
N

X
O C L AT
E

IO

.6

Oxidation-Reduction Reactions
Redox Reactions = oxidation-reduction
reactions
Oxidation = losing electrons
Reduction = gaining electrons

Memorizing tips:
OIL RIG
Oxidation Is Losing electrons
Reduction Is Gaining electrons

LEO the lion says GER

Losing Electrons = Oxidation
Gaining Electrons = Reduction

Rules for Assigning Oxidation

Numbers
1) Oxidation numbers must add up to the charge on the
molecule, formula unit, or ion.
2) The atoms of free elements have oxidation numbers of
zero.
3) Metals in Groups 1A, 2A and Al have +1, +2 and +3
oxidation numbers, respectively.
4) H and F in compounds have +1 and -1 oxidation
numbers, respectively.
5) Oxygen has a -2 oxidation number.
6) Group 7A elements have a -1 oxidation number
7) Group 6A elements have a -2 oxidation number
8) Group 5A elements have a -3 oxidation number
9) When there is a conflict between two of these rules or an
ambiguity in assigning an oxidation number, apply the
rule with the lower number and ignore the conflicting
rule.

Example 4.5.A
1) NO3 2) PO33 3) PO43 4) NiCO3
5) H2O2

1)
2)
3)
4)

N = +5
P = +3
P = +5
Ni = +2
O = -2
5) H = +1

O = -2
O = -2
O = -2
C = +4
O = -1

Example 4.5.B
NBr3 + NaOH N2 + NaBr + HOBr
N: +3 0
= Reduced
Br: -1 -1 or +1 = Oxidized
Na: +1 +1
If an elements
O: -2 -2
oxidation number
decreases, it is reduced.
H: +1 +1

If an elements
oxidation number
increases, it is oxidized.

Oxidation-Reduction Equations
Na Na+ + e-

oxidation

oxidation # increases

Cl2 + 2 e- 2 Cl- reduction

oxidation # decreases

Example 4.5.C
AgNO3 + MgCl2 AgCl + Mg(NO3) 2
Ag: +1 +1
N:+5 +5
O:-2 -2
Mg: +2 +2
Cl: -1 -1

NOT a redox
reaction.
DR reactions are
not redox reactions.

Example 4.5.D
A + BC AC + B
A: 0 non-zero digit
B: non-zero digit 0
C:stays the same
All SR reactions are
redox reactions!

Example 4.5.E

C8H18 + O2 CO2 + H2O

All combustion
reactions are redox
reactions!