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NuclearReactor
P.K.MALHOTRA
HeadThermalhydraulicsGroup
DirectorateOfSafety
2 q h(Tc Tb )
s sur
Subjects
Heat generation
Decay heat
Boiling Regimes
Design Criteria
Loss of Coolant Accident (LOCA)
Heat Generation
200 MeV/ fission (ER)
Ed = Energy deposited in locally ~180MeV
Heat Generation
2.32PE d 2.405r
qr (r)
J 0
R
nE R
1
qmax
q (0)
H
2 r
2Ha
r
z
Decay heat
Heat is released as
the accumulated
fission products
decay
The amount of heat
is fission products
to the power level
P t 0 ,t s P t s P t 0 t s
P
P
P
Steam
Tout
q
q
Tin
Water
Tin
Plate fuel
a+b
Tfuel
xa
Ts Tc
b
T max Tc
q
a
b
2k f A k c A
Tclad Ts
T(x)
qa 2
Tmax
2k f
aa+b
X
Cylinder
TF
Tc
a
a+b
Tfuel
qr 2
Tmax
;
4k f
Tclad
b
ln 1
Ts
Tmax
2Hkc (Ts Tc )
q
b
ln 1
a
10
11
12
Axialtemperatureprofile
13
Axialtemperatureprofile
AXIALTEMPERATUREPROFILE
14
1
b
1
R
4
Hk f 2aHk c hA
fuel
coolant
Offthesurface
15
Coolant Channels
Now you need to
remember more
heat transfer and
fluid mechanics
The heat transfer for
a channel is
D
hL
Re
;Pr ;Nu
kf
k m n
h C Re Pr
De
P
C 0.042 0.024
D
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Other coolants
Gas cooled Helium
Pebble bed in development
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Localboiling
Bulkboiling
Annularflow
Bubblyflow
T
lnq
18
T
Partialfilm
Annularflow
lnq
19
LOCA
Address component breakdown or a
combination of component breakdowns
that lead to interruption of normal
cooling
When an interruption occurs, the fission
process is terminated, however heat
generation continues
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Classifications of operation
Normal
Operational transients
Upsets
Emergencies
Limiting Fault Conditions includes
Design basis accident DBA
Unprotected or beyond DBA
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22
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Some examples
Millstone 1(660 MWe BWR) - corrosion of
condensers leads to sea water to enter primary
cooling circuit
Browns ferry fire -(2 1065 MWe BWR 1 in
construction) fire affected 2000 cables cause about
$10 M
Three mile island- relief valve stuck open
Ginna 490 MWe PWR- rupture in a steam generator
tube
Mihama-2 - 500 MWe PWR rupture in a steam
generator tube
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More examples
Chornobyl-Chernobyl
Chalk River - NRX- control rod/ operator error
forerunner to the CANDU
Windscale fire- UK large air cooled pile designed
for Pu burst fuel cartridge
St. Laurent - French
Hunterston scotland - Seawater in the reactor
vessel
Hinckley point
EBR-1 and Fermi -1 fast breeder.
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