Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Lecture 1
Introduction to Fluids
Lesley A. James
ljames@mun.ca
Phase Behaviour
of Petroleum Reservoir Fluids
The study of how oil and gas expands and contracts
at different pressures and temperatures
How and under what conditions gas comes out of oil
Applied thermodynamics theory to:
In a reservoir
Up the well
Through facilities
Gas
Oil
Water
Oil Components
Gas contains many individual components C1
C10+, and other non-HC components such as N2,
CO2, H20, H2S
Hydrocarbon Classification
Hydrocarbon compounds can be expressed using
CnH2n+
Phase Behaviour
Phase: Homogenous region of matter
Gas/Liquid/Solid
Discontinuity of intensive properties at phase
boundary
Intensive properties: Do not change with size of
system; i.e. density, pressure, temperature, viscosity
F = Nc Np + 2 Nr
where: F = Degree of freedom
Nc = Number of component
Np = Number of phase
Nr = Number of chemical reactions
11
Phase Diagrams
Bubble Point: All liquid with first bubble of gas
forming
Dew points: All vapour with only a small drop of
liquid left
Critical Point: maximum (P, T) at which more than
one phase can exists (Intensive properties of two
phase are same)
Cricondenbar: maximum pressure at which two
phases can exist
12
Phase Diagram:
Single Component System
13
14
Phase Envelope
15
Density
Variation
16
Density Variation
17
Vapour
Pressure
Cox Chart
F = Nc Np + 2 Nr
18
19
20
21
22
WET GAS
Remains in the gaseous phase
at reservoir conditions
Liquids can drop out at
separator conditions
PVT Tests
Composition, compressibility, condensate ratio and
properties
(Danesh, 2003 Figure 1.22)
23
Gas Condensates
As pressure decreases, a second phase is formed
If the constant temperature tie-line enters the twophase region across the dew point, the second
phase is liquid and it is known as a gas condensate.
Tcritical < Treservoir < Tcricondentherm
Condensate to Gas Ratio (CGR) < 50
24
25
Retrograde Condensation
Retrograde Vaporization
27
Volatile Oil
Volatile Oil
29
8.98 mol%
30
Black Oil
31
Black Oil
32
Fluid Properties
Gas Properties
Gas compressibility, Z
Gas density,
Gas formation volume factor,
Gas viscosity,
Isothermal gas compressibility,
33
Fluid Properties
Black Oil Properties
Oil density,
Solution gas oil ratio,
Oil formation volume factor,
Bubble point,
Oil viscosity,
Isothermal gas compressibility,
34
Experimental determination
Corresponding States
The Law of Corresponding States says that different
T
P are equally
gases should
if
they
TRact
the same
PR
Tc own critical
Pc point.
removed from their
Pseudo Components
Lumping of components with the same number of
carbons together as one chemical compound, i.e. C3
for iso and n.
Lumping of more than one carbon number together
as one chemical species.
critical properties
molecular weight
density
pc z ici
Gas Density
Gases are compressible
The density of gases depend on the pressure and
temperature
Using the Ideal Gas Law:
P = pressure
V = volume
n = number of moles
R = gas constant
T = temperature
R = 0.0821 literatm/molK
R = 8.3145 J/molK
R = 8314.5 cm3.kPa/K.mol
R = 8.2057 m3atm/molK
R = 62.3637 LTorr/molK or
LmmHg/molK
38
Gas Density
In reality, gases only behave ideally at standard
conditions, i.e. low pressures and temperatures
Otherwise, the molecules interact with each other causing
gases to occupy volumes different than ideal.
Use the Real Gas Law
Where:
Z = compressibility
39
Compressibility
Factor
Standing &
Katz
Correlation
40
Compressibility Factor
Lee-Kessler Correlation
41
Compressibility Factor
Lee-Kessler Correlation
42
Compressibility Factor
Lee-Kessler Correlation
43
Example
Compare the density of the gas at 205 atm (20.68
MPa) and 70oC (343 K) below using the
A. Ideal gas law
B. Real gas law using
i)
ii)
44
Solution
45
Solution
46
If , and , then
47
Gas Viscosity
The gas viscosity
generally increases
with pressure, the
increase of
temperature
decreases the liquid
viscosity, whereas it
increases the gas
viscosity at low and
moderate
pressures.
48
Gas Viscosity
49
Gas
Viscosity
50
51
Specific Gravity, o
Experimentally
Estimated using
Mixing rules
Correlations
Equations of State
Pycnometer
Hydrometer
53
= 54.7 oAPI
54
55
57
Standing
Vasquez & Beggs
Glaso
Marhoun
Petrosky & Farshad
Pb = f (Rs, g, API, T)
58
where,
Example
Estimate the bubble point pressure using Standings
correlation and the following data:
60
Solution
61
62
63
64
65
66
Light
API Gravity
40
35
30
Medium
25
20
Heavy
15
10
Extra Heavy
(crude bitumen)
5
0
0.1
10
100
1000
10000
68
where
: pressure in psi
: bubble point solution gas-oil ratio in
: temperature in
: corrected separator gas specific gravity, for air =
1
: API gravity
69
70