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AGROECOSYSTEM CONCEPT
AGROECOLOGY
NATURAL ECOSYSTEMS
Sel
Organ
Sistem Sistem
Organisme
Sistem
Populasi
Sistem
Ekosistem
Organization of Life
Biosphere
Biosphere
Ecosystems
Ecosystems
Communities
Communities
Populations
Organisms
Populations
Organisms
ScalesofEcologicalOrganization
INDIVIDU?POPULASI ?
KOMUNITAS ?
C
INDIVIDUAL ORGANISM
Molecules
Cells
Tissues
Organs
Organs
systems
Autecology/Physiological ecology
Concerned :
how is a organism response the
environmental factors?
How is a individual organism tolerance to
stresses in environment where it will live?
Organism
POPULATIONS
Characteristics of
Populations
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Population size,
density, and
dispersion
Birth and death rates
Growth rates
Age structure
Genetic Diversity
POPULATIONS
Population ecology
Concerned
:
Important in determining the factors that control population size and
growth
Population Ecology
1.
2.
3.
Population Ecology in
Action
COMMUNITIES
COMMUNITIES
Community ecology
Concerned
:
How the interactions of organism affect the
distribution and abundance of the different species
ECOSYSTEMS
Ecosystems are
composed of all the
communities and
their physical,
chemical, and
biological processes.
Ecosystems sustain
themselves entirely
through energy flow
through food chains,
and nutrient recycling.
665000
670000
675000
S u m b erb ran ta s
9140000
DESA T UL UN G REJO
9140000
Example:
In Watershed
Ga be s
J un ggo
Te ga ls a ri
Ge rdu
9135000
9135000
S ele k t a
K ek e p
Go nd ang
P ay a n
S egu nd u
Rek es a n K ul on
K ung k u k
Ge m bo l
P ag e rs a ri
Nge bru k
S e ng o n an
Rek es a n W et a n
P unt e n
P age rgu nu ng
Ta la ngs ari
P rum b un g
P ram b at an
B um i aji
Gi nt un g
Ta la ngr e jo
Cla k et
Ge m ul o
S ik o rem b ug
K and an ga n
K apr u
K lir an
DESA G UN UN G SAR I
B rau L eb ak
B r au
To ng gol ari
S ant ri an
Can ga r
B oro las ah
DESA SI DO MU LYO
B aru
S um b e rs a ri
B ana ran
Ti nj om o y o
B eru
B ina ng un
S ab r ang be n d o
Cem bo
S um b ere jo
S ong go rit i
K edu ng
B oro gon da ng
K lum us a n
Las ah
K aja r
9130000
S aw a ha n
P lam bo y an
Fl am b oy a n
Ngu ju ng
P es a nt ren
DESA T AW AN G AR G O
K ali pu ti h
P and an
Nga gl ik Ut a ra
P es a ng grah an
DESA PAND ES AR I
K raj an
Dad ap an
S ong go k ert o
Ta m bu h
N ga gl ik S e lat a n
Ngu di
K raj an
W un uc a ri
Leb an
S reb et B ara t
S reb et Ti m ur
KE L. SO NG G O KERT O
9130000
Dur ek
KEL. SI SIR
N ge m ul
M edu ran
B rak
Ge nt in g
S reb et Ti m ur
Te m as
Nge m ul
M edu ran
Te m as B a rat
KEL. T EMAS
KEL. N GAGLI K
K am p un gan y ar K am p un gan y ar
Ge ne nga n
B at u
K ler ek
P ut uk
K ali m al an g
B es u l
K am p un gt eh
S uk o m ul y o
Gl on ggo ng
To y om e rt o
Ngu di
To y om a rt o
K raj an
DESA T OR O NGREJ O
Go nd ore jo
B eji
Oro -oro om bo
Ngu k ir
DE SA BEJI
DE SA O RO -O R O OM BO
Rej os o
nd at
DESA MO JNga
O REJ
O
Tl ek u ng
DESA T LEKU NG
Jed ing
Dre s el
J un rejo
9125000
Ga ng s ira np ut u k
2000
665000
Dad ap tu li s Ut ara
DESA
D AD APREJO
9125000
Landuse:
: Hutan Alami
: Hutan Produksi
: Hutan Reboisasi
: Lahan Terbuka
: Pemukiman
: Perkebunan
: Rumput
: Sawah
: Semak
: Tegalan
T
S
670000
2000
4000 Meters
675000
Components of
Ecosystem
ABIOTIC COMPONENTS
BIOTIC COMPONENTS
Sunlight
Primary producers
Temperature
Herbivores
Precipitation
Carnivores
Water or moisture
Omnivores
etc.
All of these vary over space/time
Biosphere
The biosphere is the
global sum of all
ecosystems. It can also be
called the zone of life on
Earth. From the broadest
biophysiological point of
view, the biosphere is the
global ecological system
integrating all living beings
and their relationships,
including their interaction
with the elements of the
lithosphere, hydrosphere
and atmosphere
Structural Properties of
Communities
Species Diversity
Dominance and Relative Abundance
Vegetative Structure (ex: grassland,
forest )
Trophic Structure
Stability
NATURAL ECOSYSTEM
Processes of Ecosystems
AGROECOSYSTEM
Characteristics
Agroecosystem
Natural
Ecosystem
High
Low
Species diversity
Low
(monoculture)
can use crop
rotation and
intercropping to
stabilize more
High
Genetic diversity
within species
Low
High
Plant life-cycles
present
Few
All, more
perennial
Competition
Negative
Tolerable
(ecological niche)
Flowering, plant
maturing
Synchronized
Seasonal
Nutrient Cycles
Open
Closed
Permanence
Short
Long
Human Control
High
Low
Productivity
ENERGY FLOW
Figure 2.7
POPULATION REGULATING
MECHANISM
Crop Populations
Natural Plant Population
(also true of weeds)
Possibility of dormancy,
delayed germination
(carryover)
Uniform soils
NUTRIENT CYCLING
NATURAL ECOSYSTEM
AGROECOSYSTEM
Inputs:
Plant residue
Animal wastes
Animal residue
Atmosphere
Nitrogen fixation
Outputs:
Plants animals
grazing on plants
Denitrification
Run-off
leaching
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