Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Diabetes Mellitus
The Medical Examiner
noted Anna was wearing a
Medical Alert Bracelet
labeling her as Diabetic
Diabetes is a life long
disease characterized by
High Blood Glucose
Levels (blood sugar)
Glucose is the molecule
that all carbohydrates are
broken into. Your body
uses Glucose for energy!
Historical Diabetes
Diabetes Mellitus is a Greek word that translates as
Diagnosis
sweet honey flow and stems from a time in which
What is Diabetes
Mellitus?
Glucose is the source of fuel for our
cells/body and comes from the food we
eat and digest.
Blood contains trace amounts of glucose
but in urine, its normally is too low to be
detected
Insulin is a type of protein called a
hormone.
Insulin is produced in the pancreas in
the area of the pancreas called the Islet
of Langerhans
Insulin functions to control glucose
levels in plasma opening the cells
channels to allow glucose to enter the
cells from the blood for energy
Diabetes is caused by
insufficient insulin or the
Glucose is the
Primary Source
C6H12O Energy for cells
6
Body gets glucose
from ingesting
Carbohydrates and
converting them to
Insulin is an
ATP (energy) in your
important
cells
Protein (hormone)
Regulates the
flow of glucose
from the blood
stream into the
body cells
Diabetes Statistics
National Institute of Heath (NIH)
Type 1 Diabetes
Type 2 Diabetes
Complications of
Diabetes
Rapid shifts in Glucose have severe consequences
Symptoms Of Diabetes
In Feet
Excessive Blood Glucose
Arteriolosclerosis
!!!
This results in reduced
Gangrene- Rotting
Tissue
Treatments For
Diabetes
Type 1 Diabetes
Treatments
Taking insulin
Carbohydrate counting
Frequent blood sugar
monitoring
Eating healthy foods
Exercising regularly
The goal is to keep your blood
sugar level as close to normal as
possible to delay or prevent
complications.
Insulin is the medication
prescribed for Type 1 Diabetes.
Since people with Type 1
Diabetes have defective Beta
cells in their pancreas, they dont
History of Insulin
Prior to the discovery of insulin in 1922, people with diabetes had no
chance of living
Doctors, at that time, knew about insulin so they fed patients pancreas
from corpses
In 1922, Fredrick Banting extracted insulin from the pancreas of a dog
(brown mucky stuff)
Banting injected the insulin into a 14 year old boy dying from diabetes
(Leonard Thompson)
His glucose level was 525mg/dL and dropped to 120mg/dL (He died of
pneumonia at 27yrs)
Fredrick Banting won the Nobel Prize in 1923 for his discovery &
extraction of insulin
Commercial productionof insulin for treating diabetes in 1923
For many years, drug companies derived the hormone using pancreases
that came from stockyards, taken from slaughtered cows/ pigs. People
developed allergies to animal insulin
In 1978, a biotechnology company named Genetech produced the first
synthetically manufactured insulin that could be made in large amounts.
Using bacteria or yeast as miniature "factories," the gene forhuman
insulinwas inserted into bacterial DNA.
History of Insulin
Prior to 1922, doctors
fed patients pancreas
from corpses to treat
diabetes
Banting with
insulin dog
donors in 1922
Commercial
Production of Pig
& Cow Insulin
began in 1923. By
1970s people
were developing
allergic reactions
to animal insulin
Genetically
Modified Insulin
produced in
1978 by splicing
the insulin gene
into bacteria
Diagnosing Diabetes
(signal
molecule)
ligand
Insulin Protein-Signal
Molecule
Insulin Receptors Accepts
Insulin
GLUT 4 -Receptor that comes
to the surface of the cell
membrane when signaled by
insulin receptor and allows
glucose to enter the cell to be
converted into energy for cell