SPORTS INJURIES

CEDERA OLAHRAGA
Kuliah OKK - Olahraga, Kesenian dan Kreatifitas
Faculty of Medicine Universitas Padjadjaran

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Learning objectives

Learning objectives
What we will learn in this presentation:
How to classify injuries as chronic or acute
How to classify injuries as soft tissue or hard tissue
Different types of skin damage cuts, grazes,
blisters and chafing
The causes and treatment of strains, sprains,
dislocations and torn cartilage
How to identify and treat fractures
The treatment of injuries R.I.C.E.
The causes and treatment of unconsciousness
D.R.A.B.C., resuscitation and the recovery position
The causes and treatment of concussion,
dehydration and hypothermia.
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Injuries (please match!)

dislokasi

gangguan kontinuitas tulang

memar

cedera pada urat/ligamen

terkilir

pendarahan di bawah kulit

patah tulang

cedera di otak

gegar (otak)

lepasnya sendi

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Chronic injuries
Injuries can be classed as chronic or acute.
First, we will consider chronic injuries.
Chronic injuries are caused by continuous
stress on a body part over a long time.
Here are some common chronic injuries:
tennis elbow
golfers elbow
shin splints.
Chronic injuries can be caused by training
too hard, not allowing time for recovery,
poor footwear and bad technique.

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Chronic injuries: tennis and golf elbow

Overuse injuries can occur due to repeated powerful
muscle movements.
Golf and tennis put a lot of strain on
the elbow.
In golf and tennis elbow, the tendons
that attach muscles to the elbow joint
become inflamed, sore and painful.
These injuries should be treated by
applying an icepack and resting for
several weeks.
Physiotherapy treatment may be
needed and possibly cortisone
(steroid) injections to relieve the pain.
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Chronic injuries: shin splints

Shin splints are pains in the
lower leg, caused by continuous
stress over a long period of time.
Either the tendons around the
tibia become inflamed, or stress
fractures develop these are
cracks along the length of the
bone.
Shin splints should be treated
with ice and plenty of rest.
Cushioned footwear and special
insoles can help to prevent the
injury returning.

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Acute injuries
Acute injuries occur when there is sudden stress on the body.
There are three main causes:

2. Being struck
by an object.

3. Falling from a
height or at speed.
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1. Collisions with
opponents or obstacles.

Hard and soft tissue injuries

Injuries can also be classified as soft tissue or
hard tissue injuries.

Hard tissue injuries

are bone injuries.

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Soft tissue injuries

involve damage to
skin, muscles, tendons,
ligaments or cartilage.

Soft tissue injuries

Soft tissue injuries can be open or closed.

A closed injury occurs

beneath the skin
there is no external
bleeding.
Closed injuries include
bruising, pulls, strains
and sprains.

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An open injury means that the skin has been broken

blood usually escapes.
Open injuries include cuts,
grazes, blisters and chafing.

Cuts require
immediate attention to
stop bleeding and
allow the blood to clot.
After the cut is
cleaned, plasters and
dressings can be used
to control bleeding and
protect the wound.
Deep cuts may need stitches to hold the skin together.
Grazes or abrasions where skin is scraped off the
body, need to be cleaned carefully. Grazes that
result from falls can often contain dirt and grit.
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Open injuries: cuts and grazes

Open skin damage blisters and chafing

Blisters are caused by the skin
rubbing on other surfaces.
They most commonly occur on the
feet, due to ill-fitting shoes, and on
the hands, due to excessive wear and
tear (e.g. from rowing and archery).
A bubble of liquid forms just under
the skin to protect the area while new
skin is grown underneath. Never burst the bubble, as the
blister may then become infected.
Chafing is caused by ill-fitting clothing or material. Longdistance runners are particularly prone to chafing in areas
like the armpits, where clothing may rub.
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Closed injuries
Bruises occur when small
blood vessels are damaged by
an impact or sudden wrenching
movement.
This causes bleeding beneath
the skin, leading to swelling and
discolouration.
Strained (pulled) muscles result from muscles being
suddenly and forcefully overstretched.
This tears the muscle fibres, usually where they attach to the
tendon. The muscle is painful and its strength is reduced.
Bruises and strains should be treated
with ice to reduce the swelling.
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Sprained/ twisted ankle

Sprains are different to strains
they involve ligaments rather than
muscles and tendons.
Sprains occur when ligaments at
joints get stretched and torn. A
sharp twist of the foot can give you
a sprained or twisted ankle. Severe
sprains result in torn ligaments.
Sprains are more serious than strains, and result in
considerable pain and loss of function at the joint.
The symptoms are similar to a fracture or dislocation.
Sprains should be treated with ice and rest.

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Dislocation
A dislocation occurs when a bone is pulled or
twisted out of place at a joint.
When the shoulder is dislocated,
the humerus is pulled out of the
socket on the scapula.
The injured person is usually
unable to move their arm, and the
shoulder loses its rounded shape.
Dislocations are very painful. They require hospital
treatment to move the bone back into position.
The ligaments and tissue around the joint can take a
long time to recover.
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Cartilage tear of the knee

Cartilage aids friction free
movement at the knee joint and
provides some shock absorption.
Cartilage can tear if the knee is
twisted excessively. This is a
common football injury, caused
when players change direction
quickly.
A cartilage tear is a serious
injury. The knee will be painful,
may lock and will swell.
An icepack can reduce swelling, but surgery is
sometimes needed to repair the damaged cartilage.
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cartilage

Soft tissue injuries

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Hard tissue injuries

Hard tissue injuries are bone fractures the bone
either cracks or breaks.
Fractures lead to:
bruising and swelling
pain due to nerve damage
the limb or area of the body
where the break is becomes
immobile
if it is a bad fracture, the area
will look obviously deformed.
Shin splints are a form of fracture
caused by repeated stress.
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Fractures
Fractures can be open (simple) or closed (compound).

A simple or closed
fracture means that the
bone is cracked but the
skin is not broken.

A compound or open
fracture means that the
skin is broken and the
bone is sticking out.

Open fractures are more serious.

They usually involve blood loss.
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Fractures
Fractures are usually caused by violent
impacts. They are most common in contact
sports like rugby, and sports where there is
a risk of falling from height or at speed, for
example, horse riding, skiing and climbing.
Fractures are difficult to prevent as they
are caused by sudden and unexpected
events or accidents. Using correct technique and playing
by the rules can reduce the risks to some extent.
Fractures should be treated by immobilizing the injured
area with a splint or sling and controlling any bleeding with
a dressing. The casualty should not be moved until the
ambulance arrives, unless absolutely necessary.
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R.I.C.E.
Whenever there is any injury to bones, joints, ligaments
muscles or tendons, blood vessels will be damaged.
Broken blood vessels mean that blood leaks into tissues
around the injury. This will lead to swelling, bruising and pain.
To combat the effects of this,
you should follow the R.I.C.E
method of treatment:
R Rest
I

Ice

C Compression
E Elevation
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Unconsciousness detailedly
explain in Basic Life Support
Unconsciousness can be caused by a number of things.
1. Fainting common fainting is a temporary abnormality in
blood flow to the brain. It can be caused by stress, heat or
physical exertion.
2. Head injury any blow to the head can cause
unconsciousness, whether it damages the skull or not.
3. Heart attack or stroke this can interrupt blood flow to the
brain.
4. Asphyxia breathing is obstructed, for example if the
person has inhaled water.
5. Shock caused by blood loss, infection or heart problems.
Unconsciousness can also be a sign of a wide
range of illnesses, for example, diabetes.
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The recovery position

An unconscious casualty who is breathing and

has no life-threatening conditions should be
placed in the recovery position.
This keeps the airway open and prevents them
swallowing their own tongue or choking on vomit.

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Concussion
Concussion is a common
cause of unconsciousness
while playing sport.
Concussion occurs when an
individual has received a blow
to the head, causing an injury
to the brain. This could be
caused by falling or being hit
by something or someone.

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A person may be concussed without losing consciousness.

The signs can include disorientation, loss of vision,
vomiting, paleness, a racing pulse and shallow breathing.
Concussion should be treated at hospital.
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Dehydration
When we exercise, especially in
hot conditions, the body loses
water as a result of sweating.
If the performer does not re-hydrate
by drinking lots of water, they may
suffer from dehydration.
The body also loses important
electrolytes salts which conduct
nerve impulses and maintain cell
metabolism.
This results in the performer feeling
very tired, nauseous and faint.
The performer should stop exercising
and re-hydrate somewhere cool.
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Hypothermia
Normal body temperature is 37C.
If a performers body temperature
falls below 35C, they begin to
suffer from hypothermia.
People who take part in activities
in mountainous areas or on water
are particularly at risk.
Common symptoms of
hypothermia are shivering,
paleness, loss of dexterity and
erratic behaviour.
A hypothermic person should be warmed-up gradually.
They need warm, dry clothing, warm
drinks and high energy foods.
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Causes and treatments

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Exam-style questions
1. Explain what is meant by:
a) a soft tissue injury
b) a chronic injury.
2. Fran turns her ankle over during her ballet lesson. Her
ankle is painful and her teacher says she may have
damaged some ligaments.
a) What injury does Frans teacher suspect?
b) Describe how the injury should be treated.
3. A hockey player is hit on the head by the ball. They
appear to be unconscious. Describe how you would
treat the casualty.

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Can you remember all these keywords?

Chronic injury
Acute injury
Continuous stress
Overuse injury
Soft tissue injury
Hard tissue injury
Open injury
Closed injury
Cuts
Grazes and abrasions
Blisters and chafing

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Bruising
Strains / pulled muscle
Sprain
Dislocation
Fracture simple / closed
Fracture compound /
open
R.I.C.E.
D.R.A.B.C.
Concussion
Dehydration
Hypothermia

BHD / BLS
BANTUAN HIDUP DASAR
BASIC LIFE SUPPORT
Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Padjadjaran

APA ITU BHD ?

Penanganan yang mengacu pada pasien yang
mengalami henti nafas,henti jantung, atau
obstruksi jalan nafas
Meliputi :
Menangani henti jantung mendadak
Tanggap darurat
Melakukan CPR ( Cardio Pulmonary

Resurcitation)atau RJP
Menggunakan AED (Automated External
Defibrilator) dengan benar
AHA, 2015

Syarat dasar untuk hidup

Terganggu

HENTI
JANTUNG

HENTI NAFAS

Poin Penting dalam BHD

Penanganan awal
terhadap
Henti jantung
sebelum
Ditangani lebih
lanjut
Oleh petugas medis
/RS

Hidup

Henti
Jantung
Bantuan
Hidup
Dasar
Penanga
nan
Medis

Patikan keamanan korban

Panggil bantuan
CPR/Resursitasi awal

Meningg
al

SIAPA ????

MENGAPA
???
DAPAT TERJADI KAPAN
SAJA, DIMANA SAJA, SIAPA
SAJA

MINTA
TOLONG ??
??
RS AMC Cileunyi :
022 - 7781630

Prinsip BHD

Amanka
n

AED

CPR
CALL

ARIVE

Panggil korban
tepuk pundak 2x
Minta tolong segera
Tidak mungkin
melakukan BHD
seorang diri
Pastikan memiliki
nomor telepon RS
yang dapat dihubungi

Besic Life Support2015

Algoritma BHD

LANGKAH AWAL
Bangunkan pasien (double tap on the
shoulder)
Posisikan pasien
Minta bantuan dan AED (bila ada)

CIRCULATION
Kompresi dada

Kompresi Jantung

Tekanan secara kuat dan berirama

pada setengah bawah dinding
sternum meningkatkan tekanan
intratorakal
HIGH QUALITY CPR

Frekuensi minimal 100x per menit

Kedalaman minimal 4-5 cm

Interupsi
seminimal
mungkin,
lakukan dengan berirama (Beatles)

Recoil dada sempurna

Setiap 30x kompresi efektif,

diikuti 2 ventilasi

Chek jalan nafas

AIRWAY

Jalan Nafas

Posisikan atau
patenkan jalan
nafas
Head Tilt atau Chin
Lift atau Jawthrust
Intervensi jalan
nafas

BREATHIN
G
Pernafasan

Nafas bantuan diberi setelah 30

kompresi dan jalan nafas terbuka (R :
30:2)
Metode

Mulut ke mulut

Mulut ke hidung

Mulut ke sungkup

Dengan kantung pernafasan E-C

Clamp
Pastikan Volume yang diberikan
cukup,dan perhatikan pergerakan
dada

AED
Alat stimulator detak
Automated
jantungExternal
portable
Defibrilator
menggunakan listrik
tegangan tinggi
untuk memulihkan
korban Cardiac Arrest
akibat serangab
jantung dan lainnya

Review
Panggil korban
Minta bantuan
Nadi Yes or No
Kompresi jantung 30 : 2
Evaluasi setelah 5 siklus

Kapan BHD dihentikan

1. Bantuan datang
2. Telah ditangani ke tenaga medis
3. Telah dievakuasi ke Rumah Sakit

Komplikasi
Aspirasi Regurgitasi
Fraktur costae sternum
Pneumothorax, Hematotoraks, Kontusio
paru
Laserasi hati atau limpa

KASUS
Anda menemukan korban laki-laki, 30
tahun terbaring tidak bergerak. Apa yang
Anda lakukan ?

Bantuan Hidup Dasar

1. Panggil korban (double tap)
2. Panggil bantuan
3. Cek Arteri Karotis (10 detik)
4. Kompresi jantung paru (30:2)
5. Evaluasi setelah 5 siklus
6. Tunggu hingga bantuan datang