Ch08 Lecture

GENERALCHEMISTRY
PrinciplesandModernApplications
TENTH EDITION
PETRUCCIHERRINGMADURABISSONNETTE
Electrons in
Atoms
PHILIPDUTTON
UNIVERSITYOFWINDSOR
DEPARTMENTOFCHEMISTRYAND
BIOCHEMISTRY
Slide 1 of 24
General Chemistry: Chapter 3
Copyright 2011 Pearson Canada Inc.
Chemical Compounds
Slide 2 of 24
Chemical Compounds
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8-1 Electromagnetic Radiation
Electric and magnetic

fields propagate as waves
through empty space or
through a medium.
A wave transmits energy.
FIGURE 8-1
The simplest wave motion traveling wave in a rope
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Low
High
FIGURE 8-2
Electromagnetic waves
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Frequency, Wavelength and Speed of

Electromagnetic Radiation
Frequency () in HertzHz or s-1.
Wavelength () in metersm.
cm
m
pm
(10-2 m) (10-6 m) (10-9 m)
nm
(10-10 m)
(10-12 m)
Velocity (c)2.997925 108 m s-1.
c =
Slide 6 of 50
= c/
= c/
FIGURE 8-3
The electromagnetic spectrum
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FIGURE 8-5
Interference in two overlapping light waves
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FIGURE 8-4
Examples of interference
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FIGURE 8-6
Refraction of light
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(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
FIGURE 8-8
Sources for light emission
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FIGURE 8-9
The atomic, or line, spectrum of helium
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FIGURE 8-10
The Balmer series for hydrogen atoms a line spectrum
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8-3 Quantum Theory
Max Planck, 1900

Energy, like matter,
is discontinuous.
= h
FIGURE 8-11
Spectrum of radiation given off by a heated body
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Light emission by molten iron

Slide
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General
Chemistry:Chapter
Chapter
General Chemistry:
8 8
Copyright Prentice-Hall
2011 Pearson Canada
Inc.
2007
The Photoelectric Effect

Heinrich Hertz, 1888
Light striking the surface of
certain metals causes
ejection of electrons.
> o
threshold frequency
#e- I
ek
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Albert Einstein 1905
FIGURE 8-12
Slide 17 of 50

At the stopping voltage the kinetic energy of the
ejected electron has been converted to potential.
1
mu2 = eVs
2
At frequencies greater than o:

Vs = k ( - o)
Slide 18 of 50

Eo = ho
Ek = eVs
eVo
o =
h
eVo, and therefore o, are characteristic of the metal.

Conservation of energy requires that:
Ephoton = Ek + Ebinding
Ek = Ephoton - Ebinding
Slide 19 of 50
1
mu2 + eVo
h =
2
1
eVs =
mu2 = h - eVo
2
8-4 The Bohr Atom

-RH
E= 2
n
RH = 2.179 10-18 J
FIGURE 8-13
Bohr model of he hydrogen atom
Slide 20 of 50
-RH -RH
E = Ef Ei =
2
nf
ni2
1
1
= RH ( 2
) = h = hc/
2
ni
nf
FIGURE 8-14
Energy-level diagram for the hydrogen atom
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Emission
Absorption
FIGURE 8-15
Emission and absorption spectroscopy
Slide 22 of 50
Bohr Theory and the

Ionization Energy of Hydrogen
1
1
E = RH ( 2 2 ) = h
ni
nf
As nf goes to infinity for hydrogen starting in the ground state:
1
h = RH ( 2 ) = RH
ni
This also works for hydrogen-like species such as He+ and Li2+.
-Z2
En = RH ( 2 ) = -Z2RH
ni
Slide 23 of 50
8-5 Two Ideas Leading to a New Quantum

Mechanics
Wave-Particle Duality
Einstein suggested particle-like
properties of light could explain the
photoelectric effect.
Diffraction patterns suggest photons
are wave-like.
deBroglie, 1924
Small particles of matter may at times
display wavelike properties.
Slide 24 of 50
Louis de Broglie
Nobel Prize 1918
Wave-Particle Duality
E = mc2
h = mc2
h/c = mc = p
p = h/
= h/p = h/mu
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FIGURE 8-16
Wave properties of electrons demonstrated
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The Uncertainty Principle
h
x p
4
Heisenberg and Bohr

FIGURE 8-17
The uncertainty principle interpreted graphically
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8-6 Wave Mechanics
Standing waves.
Nodes do not undergo
displacement.
= 2L, n = 1, 2, 3
n
FIGURE 8-18
Standing waves in a string
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FIGURE 8-19
The electron as a matter wave
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Particle in Box: Standing Waves, Quantum Particles,

and Wave Functions
, psi, the wave function.
Should correspond to a standing
wave within the boundary of
the system being described.
Particle in a box.
n
2
sin
x
L L
FIGURE 8-20
The standing waves of a particle in a one-dimensional box
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FIGURE 8-21
The probabilities of a particle in a one-dimensional box
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Wave Functions of the Hydrogen Atom

E = H
Schrdinger, 1927
H (x,y,z) or H (r,,)
(r,,) = R(r) Y(,)

R(r) is the radial wave function.
Y(,) is the angular wave function.
FIGURE 8-22
The relationship between spehrical polar coordinates and Cartesian coordinates
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8-7
Quantum Numbers and Electron Orbitals
Principle quantum number, n = 1, 2, 3

Angular momentum quantum number,
l = 0, 1, 2(n-1)
l = 0, s
l = 1, p
l = 2, d
l = 3, f
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Magnetic quantum number,

ml= - l -2, -1, 0, 1, 2+l
Principal Shells and Subshells
FIGURE 8-23
Shells and subshells of a hydrogen atom
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9-8 Interpreting and Representing the Orbitals

of the Hydrogen Atom.
Represent the probability densities of the

orbitals of the hydrogen atom as three
dimensional surfaces.
Each orbital has a distinctive shape.
Acquire a broad qualitative understanding.
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Slide 36 of 50
s orbitals
FIGURE 8-24
Three representations of the electron probability density for the 1s orbital
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2s orbitals
FIGURE 8-24
Three-dimensional representations of the 95% electron probability density for the 1s, 2s and 3s orbitals
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FIGURE 8-27
Three representations of electron probability for a 2p orbital
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FIGURE 8-28
The three 2p orbitals
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FIGURE 8-30
Representations of the five d orbitals
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8-9 Electron Spin: A Fourth Quantum Number
FIGURE 8-32
Electron spin visualized
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FIGURE 8-33
The Stern-Gerlach Experiment
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8-10 Multi-electron Atoms
Schrdinger equation was for only one e-.

Electron-electron repulsion in multi-electron
atoms.
Hydrogen-like orbitals (by approximation).
Slide 44 of 50
Zeff is the effective nuclear charge.

FIGURE 8-35
Radial probability distributions
Slide 45 of 50
FIGURE 8-36
Orbital energy-level diagram for the first three electronic shells
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8-11 Electron Configurations
Aufbau process
Electrons occupy orbitals in a way that minimizes
the energy of the atom.
Pauli exclusion principle

No two electrons can have all four quantum
numbers alike.
Hunds rule
When orbitals of identical energy (degenerate orbitals)
are available, electrons initially occupy these
orbitals singly.
Slide 47 of 50
FIGURE 8-37
The order of filling of electronic subshells
Slide 48 of 50
Representing Electron Configurations
spdf notation (condensed) 1s22s22p2
spdf notation (expanded) 1s22s22px12py1
spdf notation
Slide 49 of 50
The Aufbau process
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The Aufbau Process Sc through Zn
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8-12 Electron Configurations and the Periodic Table
FIGURE 8-38
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Slide 53 of 50
End of Chapter Questions
Test your decisions that you make while

solving a problem by continuing on a path
and seeing if they turn out to be:
a) sensible and b) useful.
You must validate your assumptions at some
point in your solution.
Slide 54 of 50

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GENERALCHEMISTRY

General Chemistry: Chapter 3

Copyright 2011 Pearson Canada Inc.

General Chemistry: Chapter 3

Copyright 2011 Pearson Canada Inc.

General Chemistry: Chapter 3

Copyright 2011 Pearson Canada Inc.

8-1 Electromagnetic Radiation

Electric and magnetic

General Chemistry: Chapter 8

Copyright 2011 Pearson Canada Inc.

General Chemistry: Chapter 8

Copyright 2011 Pearson Canada Inc.

Frequency, Wavelength and Speed of

Velocity (c)2.997925 108 m s-1.

General Chemistry: Chapter 8

Copyright 2011 Pearson Canada Inc.

General Chemistry: Chapter 8

Copyright 2011 Pearson Canada Inc.

General Chemistry: Chapter 8

Copyright 2011 Pearson Canada Inc.

General Chemistry: Chapter 8

Copyright 2011 Pearson Canada Inc.

General Chemistry: Chapter 8

Copyright 2011 Pearson Canada Inc.

General Chemistry: Chapter 8

Copyright 2011 Pearson Canada Inc.

General Chemistry: Chapter 8

Copyright 2011 Pearson Canada Inc.

8-3 Quantum Theory

Max Planck, 1900

General Chemistry: Chapter 8

Copyright 2011 Pearson Canada Inc.

Light emission by molten iron

The Photoelectric Effect

Albert Einstein 1905

General Chemistry: Chapter 8

Copyright 2011 Pearson Canada Inc.

General Chemistry: Chapter 8

Copyright 2011 Pearson Canada Inc.

The Photoelectric Effect

At frequencies greater than o:

General Chemistry: Chapter 8

Copyright 2011 Pearson Canada Inc.

The Photoelectric Effect

eVo, and therefore o, are characteristic of the metal.

General Chemistry: Chapter 8

Copyright 2011 Pearson Canada Inc.

8-4 The Bohr Atom

General Chemistry: Chapter 8

Copyright 2011 Pearson Canada Inc.

General Chemistry: Chapter 8

Copyright 2011 Pearson Canada Inc.

General Chemistry: Chapter 8

Copyright 2011 Pearson Canada Inc.

Bohr Theory and the

General Chemistry: Chapter 8

Copyright 2011 Pearson Canada Inc.

8-5 Two Ideas Leading to a New Quantum

General Chemistry: Chapter 8

General Chemistry: Chapter 8

Copyright 2011 Pearson Canada Inc.

General Chemistry: Chapter 8