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  • Anion Gap

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    Aiszel Angeli Pepito Ligo
    668 views9 pages
    The document discusses the anion gap, which represents the concentration of unmeasured anions in plasma. The normal anion gap value is 10-12 mmol/L. An increased anion gap indicates increased unmeasured anions or decreased unmeasured cations, while a decreased anion gap means increased unmeasured cations. The document then provides a patient's lab results and calculates their anion gap to be 8.7-11.16 mmol/L using two different formulas. Finally, it lists common clinical manifestations of diabetic ketoacidosis, including general signs like dry skin and labored breathing as well as effects on vital signs and specific signs.

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    Anion gap

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    The document discusses the anion gap, which represents the concentration of unmeasured anions in plasma. The normal anion gap value is 10-12 mmol/L. An increased anion gap indicates increased unmeasured anions or decreased unmeasured cations, while a decreased anion gap means increased unmeasured cations. The document then provides a patient's lab results and calculates their anion gap to be 8.7-11.16 mmol/L using two different formulas. Finally, it lists common clinical manifestations of diabetic ketoacidosis, including general signs like dry skin and labored breathing as well as effects on vital signs and specific signs.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Flag for inappropriate content
    668 views9 pages

    Anion Gap

    Uploaded by

    Aiszel Angeli Pepito Ligo
    The document discusses the anion gap, which represents the concentration of unmeasured anions in plasma. The normal anion gap value is 10-12 mmol/L. An increased anion gap indicates increased unmeasured anions or decreased unmeasured cations, while a decreased anion gap means increased unmeasured cations. The document then provides a patient's lab results and calculates their anion gap to be 8.7-11.16 mmol/L using two different formulas. Finally, it lists common clinical manifestations of diabetic ketoacidosis, including general signs like dry skin and labored breathing as well as effects on vital signs and specific signs.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Flag for inappropriate content
    of 9

    Anion Gap

    Represents the concentration of all


    the unmeasured anions in the
    plasma
    Normal value: 10 to 12 mmol/L
    Calculation/ Formula:
    Anion gap = [Na+] - [Cl-] + [HCO3-]

    The alternative formula:


    AG = [Na+] + [K+] - [Cl-] + [HCO3-]

    Interpretations
    Increase AG:
    Increase in unmeasured anions
    Decrease in unmeasured cations
    Calcium
    Magnesium
    Potassium

    Increase in anionic albumin

    Decrease AG:
    Increase in unmeasured cations
    The addition to the blood of abnormal
    cations, such as lithium (lithium intoxication)
    or cationic immunoglobulins (plasma cell
    dyscrasias)
    Reduction in the major plasma anion albumin
    concentration (nephrotic syndrome)
    Decrease in the effective anionic charge on
    albumin by acidosis
    Hyperviscosity and severe hyperlipidemia,
    which can lead to an underestimation of
    sodium and chloride concentrations

    Patients Laboratory Results

    Sodium 140.8 mmol/L


    Potassium 3.26 mmol/L
    Chloride 107.7 mmol/L
    Creatinine 0.86 mmol/L
    Urea 9.65 mmol/L
    HCO3 24.4 mmol/L

    To calculate
    Anion gap = [Na+] - [Cl-] +
    [HCO3-]
    (140.8) (107.7) + (24.4)
    = 8.7 mmol/L

    Anion gap = ([Na + K] - [Cl +


    HCO3 ])
    ([140.8 + 3.26] [107.7 + 24.4])
    11.16 mmol/L

    Clinical Manifestations of
    DKA
    General signs of diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA)
    may include the following:
    Ill appearance
    Dry skin
    Labored respiration
    Dry mucous membranes
    Decreased skin turgor
    Decreased reflexes
    Characteristic acetone (ketotic) breath odor

    Effects on vital signs that are related


    to DKA may include the following:
    Tachycardia
    Hypotension
    Tachypnea/ Kussmaul respirations
    Hypothermia
    Fever, if infection is present

    Specific signs of DKA may include the


    following:
    Confusion
    Coma
    Abdominal tenderness

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