PowerPoint Slides To PCS Chapter 03

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Principles of Communication
Systems, Third Edition
Herbert Taub, Donald L Schilling,
Goutam Saha
Chapter 3
Amplitude Modulation Systems
PROPRIETARY MATERIAL. 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this PowerPoint slide may be displayed, reproduced or distributed
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Copyrighted Material -Additional resource material supplied with the book Principles of Communication Systems,3E by Taub, Schilling, Goutam Saha published by Tata McGraw Hill. This
resource material is for Instructor's use only.
Need for Frequency Translation

Frequency Multiplexing : Different message
bearing signal in different frequency range.
Practicability of Antennas : Antenna size directly

depends on wavelength or inversely to frequency. A higher
frequency range gives lower antenna size.
Narrowbanding :Converts wideband signal to a

relative narrowband signal which solves many
implementation issues.
Common Processing : For shifting signal to a

common frequency range to use same processing blocks.
Frequency Translation Method - 1

Consider,
message signal
Consider, an
auxiliary
(carrier) signal
Multiplying,

Extending previous logic for message signal which consists
of multiple sinusoids (as is the case from Fourier
decomposition)
Double Sideband Suppressed

Carrier (DSB-SC) Modulation
DSB-SC Modulator - 1
Balanced Modulator :
Nonlinear Modulator : Previous figure AM block
replaced by nonlinear device
Output of first block
second block
Summer o/p
Simplifying
Band Pass Filtering DSB-SC o/p
Switching Modulator :
Band Pass Filtering DSB-SC output

10
DSB-SC Demodulator - 1
Coherent Detection : Reverse frequency translation by
multiplying with carrier and then Low Pass Filtering.
If local carrier has phase shift , w.r.t. original then from

above demodulated message is
No message
for
. Also with phase ampltude changes.
If local carrier frequency is different
then
demodulated signal is proportional to
and has waxing and waning.
Need to be precisely synchronous
11
DSB-SC Demodulator - 2
Squaring synchronizer : Obtaining synchronous
carrier from squaring, filtering, and divide by two.
12
Amplitude Modulation
Double Sideband with Carrier(DSB-C)
Amplitude of carrier
modulated according
to message signal.
(a) Sinusoidal carrier

(b) Modulating waveform
(c) Amplitude Modulated signal
13
DSB-C Modulator
Switching
Modulator :
Switching in previous fig. approximated by pulse train
BPF that passes
will bring out
and carrier.
14
DSB-C Demodulator - 1
Envelop
Detector :
Also from considering diode

switching as a series of pulse train
(as done before) and Low Pass
Filtering to get message component.
15
DSB-C Demodulator - 2
Square Law
Demodulator :
Distortion small
Also possible if nonlinearity

other than square law.
16
Maximum Allowable Modulation

for Rectifier Detection
Required
Percentage Modulation
17
Spectrum and Power Efficiency

Carrier Power
Useful power i.e.
sideband power
Power efficiency
For tone
modulation
18
19
Example Continued
20
Single Side Band (SSB) Modulation
21
SSB Modulator - 1
Filtering Method :
22
SSB Modulator - 2
Output of SSB Modulator =

where,
23
SSB Demodulator
Coherent detection :
Low Pass Filtering with bandwidth

of message signal recovers m(t).
SSB with carrier can be detected by envelop detection.
24
Vestigial Side Band (VSB)

Modulation
In VSB, vestige or appendage is added to SSB spectrum.
25
VSB Demodulation
Demodulation is done by multiplying the signal with a
coherent local carrier and Low Pass Filtering.
Final demodulated output =

If
is constant over frequency band of
interest demodulated output is proportional to m(t).
26
VSB and Television Broadcasting
27
Quadrature Amplitude Modulation(QAM)

QAM is similar to DSB-SC but sends two message
signals over the same spectrum.
Demodulation uses coherent detection.
Similarly,
LPF brings out message signals.
28
Frequency Division Multiplexing (FDM)
29
Radio Transmitter - 1
30
31
Impedance matching network facilitates efficient power coupling.
32
Antenna efficiency
Directivity
Gain
Note that,
33
Radio Receiver - 1
34
Radio Receiver - 2
Advantage of the superheterodyne principle :
Signal strength at receiver antenna is in pW
range and is best amplified and filtered at
Intermediate Frequency (IF) range.
The other advantage is multiplexing, to be
able to tune to different Radio Frequency (RF)
carrier with common processing blocks. Local
Oscillator (LO) frequency need only to be
changed.
35
End of Chapter 3

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Need for Frequency Translation

Practicability of Antennas : Antenna size directly

Narrowbanding :Converts wideband signal to a

Common Processing : For shifting signal to a

Frequency Translation Method - 1

Frequency Translation Method - 2

Frequency Translation Method - 3

Double Sideband Suppressed

Band Pass Filtering DSB-SC output

If local carrier has phase shift , w.r.t. original then from

(a) Sinusoidal carrier

Switching in previous fig. approximated by pulse train

BPF that passes

will bring out

Also from considering diode

Also possible if nonlinearity

Maximum Allowable Modulation

Spectrum and Power Efficiency

Single Side Band (SSB) Modulation

Output of SSB Modulator =

Low Pass Filtering with bandwidth

Vestigial Side Band (VSB)

Final demodulated output =

VSB and Television Broadcasting

Quadrature Amplitude Modulation(QAM)

LPF brings out message signals.

Frequency Division Multiplexing (FDM)

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