Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Communications
Chapter 14 Cellular Wireless Networks
Eighth Edition
by William Stallings
Lecture slides by Lawrie Brown
cells
Cellular bestifalloftheadjacentantennasare
Geometries
equidistant
Frequency Reuse
Frequency
Reuse Patterns
Increasing Capacity
add new channels
frequency borrowing
cell splitting
Cell Splitting
Transferringofthecallfrom
onebasetransceiverto
another.Thisprocessis
calledahandoff.
Asthecellsgetsmaller,
thesehandoffsbecomemuch
morefrequent
Increasing Capacity
cell sectoring
microcells
is fully automated
see two types of channels between mobile
and base station (BS)
control channels
traffic channels
Call tages
Other Functions
call blocking
call termination
call drop
Mobile Radio
Propagation Effects
signal strength
fading
Design Factors
propagation effects
max transmit power level at BS and mobile units
typical height of mobile unit antenna
available height of the BS antenna
these factors determine size of individual cell
use model based on observed data
Multipath Propagation
Reflectionoccurswhenanelectromagnetic
signalencountersasurfacethatislargerelative
tothewavelengthofthesignal.
Diffractionoccursattheedgeofan
impenetrablebodythatislargecomparedtothe
wavelengthoftheradiowave
Ifthesizeofanobstacleisontheorderofthe
wavelengthofthesignalorless,scattering
occurs.Anincomingsignalisscatteredinto
severalweakeroutgoingsignals
Types of Fading
fast fading
slow fading
flat fading
selective fading
Error Compensation
Mechanisms
adaptive equalization-automatically
adapts to
equalizationtime-varying properties of the
communication channel
Error Compensation
Mechanisms
Diversity-a
Diversity- method for improving reliability of a message signal
by using multiple communications channels
Cellular Standards
26
Cellular standards:
2G systems: voice channels
CDMA-2000 (phase 1)
3G systems: voice/data
CDMA-2000
..next 4 G
and China
replaced by later generation systems
Operation
frequency diversity
multipath resistance
privacy
graceful degradation
near-far problem
IS-95
second generation CDMA scheme
primarily deployed in North America
transmission structures different on
Pilot (channel 0)
allows mobile unit to acquire timing information
Paging (channels 1 to 7)
Contain messages for one or more mobile stations
Driving Forces
Summary
principles of wireless cellular networks
operation of wireless cellular networks
first-generation analog
second-generation CDMA
third-generation systems