BTY100-Lec#3.

2
Cell Organelles

Outline
Introduction to Cell Organelles
Cell structure
Cell Functions

Why do I need to study cell

parts
Suppose you want to
drive a car.
To drive a car you
first need to know its
parts and functions.

Similarly we will be
studying about cells
is this course and
therefore you need
to know about its
parts
and
their
functions.

Cell Organelles
Building blocks of Cell
Provide Compartmentalization

Cell Wall
Tough, rigid layer that surrounds some
types ofcells.
Located outside thecell membrane.
Different composition in different cells
Bacteria: Peptidoglycan
Fungi: Chitin.
Plants: Cellulose
Animals: Missing

Functions
Provides structural support and
protection.
Acts as a pressure vessel,
preventingover-expansionwhen
water enters thecell.

Plasma
membrane
Every
cell
is
surrounded
by
a
plasma membrane,
a
continuous
membrane composed
of a lipid bilayer with
proteins
floating
within
it
and
protruding from it.
Fluid-Mosaic Model:
Fluid: Lipids
Mosaic: Proteins

Introduce the
term
Biomolecules
for lipids and
proteins

 Roles of the plasma membrane:

Acts as a selectively permeable barrier.
Is an interface for cells where
information is received from adjacent
cells and extracellular signals.
Allows cells to maintain a constant
internal environment.
Has molecules that are responsible for
binding and adhering to adjacent cells.

Cytoplasm
Consists of primarily of water, salts
(ions), organic monomers
and
polymers, the building blocks of large
macromolecules.
It also contains various organelles as
well as dissolved gasses and nutrients.

Membrane Bound
Organelles
Double Membrane
Nucleus
Mitochondria
Chloroplast

Single Membrane
Endoplasmic Reticulum
Golgi Apparatus
Lysosomes

Non Membranous

Ribosomes
Cytoskeleton
Centrioles
Cillia and Flagella

Double Membrane Bound

Organelles

Nucleus

the
n
i
a
l
Exp .
s
e
part duce th
o
Intr Genetic
A
term rial-DN
e
mat enes
g
and

Introduce the
terms

 Known as the control centre of the

Cell
a membrane-bound sac evolved to store the

cells chromosomes(DNA)
stores the genetic material of the cell in the
form of multiple, linear chromosomes
To control the activity of cell by regulating
gene expression
surrounded by a nuclear envelope composed
of 2 phospholipid bilayers
in chromosomes DNA is organized with
proteins to form chromatin

Mitochondria and
Chloroplast

Organelles With DNA

Mitochondria :
Known as power house of the
cell.
Chloroplasts:
Known as kitchen of the cell
found in photosynthetic
organisms

Mitochondria
Break down fuel molecules and
convert the energy in the
bonds of glucose and oxygen to
readily available energy in the
form
of
ATP.
(cellular
respiration)
Glucose
Fatty acids
exterior
membranes

and

interior

Fluid is called matrix

interior partitioned by cristae

Chloroplasts
Contain chlorophyll
for
photosynthesis
Parts: Thylakoids
are membranous
sacs within the
inner membrane
and Grana are
stacks
of
thylakoids.
Fluid inside is called
stroma
17

Single Membrane
Organelles

Endoplasmic Reticulum
Is a set of folded membranes and tubes throughout the system.
The general structure: Membranous network of cisternae.
Two types:
Rough endoplasmic reticulum
Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
Introduce basic
difference:
Ribosomes

Functions
Provides
a large surface area on which
chemical reactions can take place.
It synthesizeslipids,phospholipidsand steroid.

It also carries out the metabolism

carbohydrates, drug detoxification.

of

Attachment of receptors on cell membrane

proteins.
RER involved in protein synthesis

Golgi Apparatus
Collection of Golgi bodies
Cisternae stacked membrane folds
Front - Cis , Back Trans
Collect, package, and distribute molecules
synthesized at one location in the cell and
utilized at another location
Vesicles from the endoplasmic reticulum fuse
with the network and subsequently progress
through the stack to the trans Golgi network,
where they are packaged and sent to their
destination

Lysosomes

Organellesthat contain
hydrolaseenzymes that break down waste
materials and cellular debris.

Disposal Bags/ Suicidal Bags of Cell

damagedmembranes
of
Cell
Lysosomes break-enzymes releasecomponents of cells broken- available
for surrounding cells.
Also play part in normal development
of an organism.
combine
with
food
Lysosomes
vacuoles. Eg: Paramecium
Used in destruction of engulfed
harmful microbes

Vacuoles and
Vesicles

Vacuoles and vesicles are storage organelles in cells. Vacuoles are larger
than vesicles. Either structure may store water, waste products, food, and
other cellular materials.
In plant cells, the vacuole may take up most of the cell's volume. The
membrane surrounding the plant cell vacuole is called the tonoplast.

NonMembranous
Organelles

Ribosomes
Ribosomes are RNA-protein complexes
composed of two subunits that join and
attach to messenger RNA.
Site of protein synthesis
Each ribosome is divided into
subunits: the smaller subunit and
larger subunit

two
the

Cytoskeleton
Network of protein fibers supporting cell shape and
anchoring organelles
Actin filaments: Cell movement
Intermediate filaments: Stable- dont break down
Microtubules: Hollow tubes, Facilitate cell
movement

Functions:
Supports the shape of the cell

Cytoskeleton

Cilia and flagella

Both cilia and flagella are constructed from

microtubules

Both provide locomotion for the cell

Plant or animal cell?

Next Class: Biobricks