BAB 7

Teknik KULTUR JARINGAN untuk

Penyelamatan/pelestarian
Plasma Nutfah Tanaman

Ni Made Armini Wiendi

Domestication/ Domestikasi
Species diversity in agriculture
258,650 species of flowering plants
5000 species have utility
2300 species cultivated
500 domesticated species
150 species in commercial agriculture
few major staple crops
40 % crops from Poaceae, Fabaceae,
Rosaceae, Brassicaceae and Solanaceae

Domestication
Natural and artificial selection are not easily
separated
Natural selection

pathogen resistance
adaptation to harsh environments (frost, drought, flood)

Artificial selection

Maturity type, stolon length (possibly un-intented results)

Taste, quality, colour (intentional)

Trait selection
negative mass selection
positive mass selection

Contoh sejarah
~9000 BPDomestication of maize, Mexico
1500 BC Large scale cultivation of maize across Latin America

Domestication

wild

Sunflower

domesticated

Domestication

Wild Lactuca
serriola

Lettuce

Culitivated Lactuca
sativa

Germplasm in the world

Germplasm in the world

Loss of genetic diversity by selection and

breeding. Each box with a different shading
represents different alleles. The allelic diversity
in modern varieties is reduced to fixation.

Loss of genetic diversity

Wild rice species O. rufipogon from Malaysia.

Modern rice variety from China. Although wild
species are low yielding, they contain genes
that can significantly increase the yield of
modern rice varieties and provide much
needed enrichment of the domestic gene pool.

Konservasi sumberdaya genetik tanaman

Genetic Erosion
breeders as whistle blowers. Human
causes: farmers abandoned traditional
cultivars for modern breeds
Coincided with growing environmental
awareness
Natural causes: land use / habitat
fragmentation, disaster

Pemuliaan
tanaman

Conflict !

Pertanian modern = uniformity

Sumber keragaman = diversity
Tantangan ke depan = diversity in
needs
Harus ada upaya konservasi
(penyelamatan/pelestarian)
plasma nutfah

Germplasm and Seed Banks

For breeders and scientists in their need
for genetic diversity

acquiring crop germplasm

preserving crop germplasm
evaluating crop germplasm
documenting crop germplasm
distributing crop germplasm

Penyelamatan/pelestarian plasma
nutfah
Menjadi fokus
global
Prinsip:
Mengumpulkan
variasi secara
maksimum
Konservasi
maksimum
Meminimalisasi
kerusakan dalam
jangka waktu
yang maksimum

Koleksi plasmanutfah

Koleksi plasmanutfah

Dua pendekatan penyelamatan/pelestarian plasma

nutfah

Orthodox seeds vs recalcitrant seeds

Sterile (do not easy to produce seeds)
Highly heterozygous (clonal propagation is prefer

In vitro conservation
Slow growth procedures: germplasm
accessions are kept as sterile plant tissues
or plantlets on nutrient gels (short and medium
term storage)

Cryopreservation: plant material is

stored in liquid nitrogen (long term storage)

Slow growth
- Temperature and light
- Culture medium
- Physiological stage of the
explants
- Culture vessel
- Modification of gaseous
environmet

Cryopreservation
Cryopreservation involves storage of plant material at ultra-low
temperatures in liquid nitrogen (-196C).

Cryopreservation

- Choice of material

- Pre-treatment

- Freezing

- Storage

- Thawing

- Post-treatment

- Viability assessment

Cryopreservation

Karakterisasi keragaman plasma

nutfah
- Teknik-teknik marka molekular dan
metabolomics sangat membantu dalam kegiatan
karakterisasi keragaman plasma nutfah terutama
untuk mengurangi redundancy
- Informasi yang didapatkan dari data marker akan
membantu dalam usaha:
- Sampling strategi
- Manajemen sumberdaya genetik :
- analisis kontaminasi genetik
- Stabilitas
- Verifikasi
- Taxonomy and kaitan phylogenetic

Germplasm exchange
PCR based technique untuk
deteksi kesehatan material
tanaman
Teknik in vitro untuk
menghasilkan bahan
tanaman/planlet bebas
patogen
Keuntungan transfer
material genetik tanaman
in vitro:
Volume dan berat lebih kecil
Lebih sehat
Kondisi steril terjaga

Kesimpulan:

The use of biotechnological techniques in plant conservation

Tahapan koleksi/pengumpulan
plasma nutfah:
-

- Teknik in vitro sangat membantu dalam koleksi

plasma nutfah (termasuk embryo rescue)

-Penyimpanan/pemeliharaan:
- Teknik in vitro berperan melalui teknik slow-growth
dan cryopreservation
- Teknik in vitro berperan dalam perbanyakan
(terutama tanaman langka)
- Molecular marker dan metabolomics berperan
untuk analisis keragaman koleksi (terutama
mengurangi pengulangan)
- Molecular marker berperan untuk deteksi penyakit

-Pertukaran material genetik:

Issue yang harus diperhatikan

- Teknik kultur jaringan hanyalah
pelengkap/penunjang/bukan substitusi
- Kendala/tantangan teknik in vitro:
- Hilangnya biodiversitas lainnya (bakteri,
hama, fungi, dll)
- Perubahan atau kerusakan jaringan akibat
variasi somaklonal
- Kerusakan sel saat cryopreservation (jaringan
mati, termasuk jaringan listrik)