Solid Geometry

Facilitated by:
Debbie E. Bandahala
 Meaning of Solid Geometry
• Solid geometry is concerned with
three-dimensional shapes.
• Examples of three-dimensional
shapes are
1.cubes, 2.rectangular solids
3. prisms, 4. cylinders,
5. spheres, 6. cones and
7. pyramids
 Solid Figures

Cube Sphere

Prism Pyramid

Cylinder
Pyramid

rectangular solid Cone

VOLUMES
 What Is Volume ?
The volume of a solid is the amount of
space inside the solid. Consider the cylinder
below:

If we were to fill the cylinder with water the volume

would be the amount of water the cylinder could hold:
VOLUME is the amount
of space that matter
occupies

All matter has volume because ALL

matter “takes up space”.
 To find the VOLUME of
a RECTANGULAR
SOLID…

L W

1) Measure the Length, Width, and Height

of the object.
2) Multiply all 3 numbers.
L x W x H = Volume
 Measuring Volume.
Volume is measured in cubic centimetres (also
called centimetre cubed).
Here is a cubic centimetre

It is a cube which
1cm
1cm
measures 1cm in all
1cm directions.

We will now see how to calculate the volume of

various shapes.
 Meaning of the Cube
• A CUBE is a
solid figure
with six
congruent
square faces
Volume of Cube
Examples
A box 4 in.
wide, 4 in. high,
and 4 in. long,
uses 64 in.3 of
space.
 Formula:

- The equation to find the volume of a cube

is length by width by height.
- The volume of any shape is the amount of
space the object uses.
- Volume of the Cube
- Vcube = y3, where y is the side of the cube
 Solution:
Solve the volume of
4cm
a cube that has the
following qualities :
Given: 4cm
Width =4 cm. 4cm
Length = 4 cm.
Height = 4 cm. s
Solution:

V = 64 cm3
What is the VOLUME of
these RECTANGULAR
SOLIDS?
625cm3
80in3

512cm3 8cm
72cm 3

8cm
8cm
Volume of Parallelopiped/rectangular solid

b
b
a

Area of base (square) = a x b

Height of cube = c
Volume of cube = Area of base x height
= (a x b) x c
 Volumes Of rectangular solid
Look at the cuboid below:

4cm

3cm
10cm
We must first calculate the area of the base of the
paralellepiped The base is a rectangle measuring 10cm by 3cm:

10cm

3cm
 10cm

3cm

Area of a rectangle = length x breadth

Area = 10 x 3
Area = 30cm2

We now know we can place 30 centimetre squares on the base of

the cuboid. But we can also place 30 cubic centimetres on the base:

4cm

3cm
10cm
 4cm

3cm
10cm
We have now got to find how many layers of 1cm cubes we can
place in the rectangular solid.

We can fit in 4 layers.

Volume = 30 x 4

Volume = 120cm3

That means that we can place 120 of our cubes measuring a

centimetre in all directions inside the rectangular solid.
 4cm

3cm
10cm

We have found that the volume of the parallelepiped is

given by:
Volume = 10 x 3 x 4 = 120cm3

This gives us our formula for the volume of a

parallelepiped Volume = Length x Breadth x Height

V=LBH for short.

 What is the volume of each of
the ff. Figures below ?
Calculate the volumes of the rectangular solids below:
(2)
(1)
7cm 3.4cm

5 cm 3.4cm
14cm 3.4cm
490cm3
39.3cm3

(3) 3.2m

2.7m 76.9 m3
8.9 m
 Pyramid
• A pyramid is a solid with a polygon
base and connected by triangular faces
to its vertex.
• A pyramid is a regular pyramid if its
base is a regular polygon and the
triangular faces are all congruent
isosceles triangles.
 Figure Illustrations

Formula in Square-Based
finding the Pyramid
volume
Rectangular – Formula in
based Pyramid finding the
volume
 Formula in
finding the
volume
How do you solve the volume of a pyramid?
• Triangular Pyramid:
– Identify the length and width of the base. Write the
measurements down.
– Calculate the area of the base. Multiply the length by
the width, then multiply by one half (or divide by 2).
This is the area. Write the answer down.
– Multiply the area of the base by the height of the
pyramid.
– Multiply your answer by one third, or divide by 3.
This will give you the volume
Square Pyramid:
 Identify the length and width of the base.
Write your measurements down.
 Calculate the area of the base. This is done by
multiplying the width by the height. Write the
answer down.
 Multiply the area of the base by the height.
Write this answer down, too.
 Multiply the previous answer by one third,
or divide by 3. This will give you the final
answer.
Formula

Triangula
r Pyramid
 Volume of a Pyramid
• The volume, V, of a pyramid in cubic units is given by

• where A is the area of the base and h is the height of the

pyramid.
 Example No. 1
• A pyramid has a square base of side 4 cm and
a height of 9 cm. Find its volume.
• Solution:
Figure
 Example No. 2
• Find the volume of the following triangular
pyramid, rounding your answer to two decimal
places.

Given:
Area of Triangle
= ½ bh
b = 19
h= 17
H = 23
Solution
 Example No. 3
• Find the volume of a rectangular-based
pyramid whose base is 8 cm by 6 cm and
height is 5 cm.
Given:
h = 5cm
w = 6cm
l= 8cm
Solution
 The Volume Of A Cylinder.
Consider the cylinder below:
It has a height of 6cm .
What is the size of the radius ?
2cm
6cm Volume = cross section x height
What shape is the cross section?
Circle
Calculate the area of the circle:
A= ∏r2
4cm A = 3.14 x 2 x 2
The formula for the A = 12.56 cm2
volume of a cylinder is: Calculate the volume:
V = ∏ r 2x h
V = ∏ r 2h V = 12.56 x 6
V = 75.36 cm3
r = radius h = height.
 Outer Curved Surface area of cylinder Click to
animate

Activity -:
Keep bangles
r
r h of same radius
one over
another. It
Circumference Formation of will form a
of circle = 2 π r Cylinder by cylinder.
bangles
It is the area covered by the outer surface of a
cylinder.
Circumference of circle = 2 π r
Area covered by cylinder = Surface area of of cylinder = (2
 Total Surface area of a solid cylinder

Curved
circular surface
surfaces

=Area of curved surface area

+ of two circular surfaces

=(2 π r) x( h) + 2 π r2

= 2 π r( h+ r)
 Other method of Finding Surface area of cylinder with the
help of paper
r

2πr
Surface area of cylinder = Area of rectangle= 2 πrh
 Volume of cylinder

Volume of cylinder = Area of base x vertical height

= π r2 xh
 Definition of Prism
• A solid figure whose bases are
congruent, parallel polygons
and whose other faces are
parallelograms.
 Prisms
- are three-dimensional objects having end
faces that are:
a) polygons;
b) parallel to each other; and
c) have the same shape and size.
 Examples of Prisms
Prisms are named according to the shape of their
base (or cross-section).
Pentagonal Prism
Volume of a Prism
Example 1

If the rectangular box

were filled with 1 cm
cubes, there would be:
 The Volume Of A Triangular Prism.
Consider the triangular prism below:

Volume = Cross Section x Height

What shape is the cross section ?
Triangle.
5cm Calculate the area of the triangle:
A = ½ x base x height
A = 0.5 x 5 x 5
8cm
A = 12.5cm2
5cm Calculate the volume:
Volume = Cross Section x Length
The formula for the volume of a
triangular prism is : V = 12.5 x 8
V = 100 cm3
V=½bhl
B= base h = height l = length
 What Goes In The Box ? 2
Calculate the volume of the shapes below:

(1) (2)

14cm
4m

5m
2813.4cm3 16cm
3m
(3) 30m3
8m

12cm 288cm3
6cm
 Volume Of A Cone.
Consider the cylinder and cone shown below:
D D The diameter (D) of the
top of the cone and the
cylinder are equal.
H H
The height (H) of the
cone and the cylinder are
equal.

If you filled the cone with water and emptied it into the cylinder,
how many times would you have to fill the cone to completely fill
the cylinder to the top ?
3 times. This shows that the cylinder has three times the
volume of a cone with the same height and radius.
 ight
t he
Slan
l=
Cone

r
h

Bas
e
 Volume of a Cone Click to See
the
experiment

h Here the vertical height h

and radius of cylinder &
cone are same. r
r
3( volume of cone) = volume of cylinder
3( V ) = π r2h
V = 1/3 π r2h
if both cylinder and cone have same height and radius then volume of a cylinder
is three times the volume of a cone ,

Volume = 3V Volume
=V
Mr. Mohan has only a little jar of juice he wants to
distribute it to his three friends. This time he
choose the cone shaped glass so that quantity of
juice seem to appreciable.
 Surface area of cone

2π
l r

Area of a circle having sector (circumference) 2π l2π = πl2

Area of circle having circumference 1 = π l 2/ 2 π l r
 The experiment on the previous slide allows us to work out the formula
for the volume of a cone:

The formula for the volume of a cylinder is : V = ∏ r 2 h

We have seen that the volume of a cylinder is three times more than
that of a cone with the same diameter and height .
The formula for the volume of a cone is:

r
1
V= π r 2h
3
h

r = radius h = height
Calculate the volume of the cones below:

(1) (2) 18m

6m

9m 13m

1 1
V = π r 2h V= π r 2h
3 3
1 1
V = × 3.14 × 6 × 6 × 9 V= × 3.14 × 9 × 9 × 13
3 3

V = 339.12m 3 V = 1102.14m 3
 Comparison of Area and volume of different geometrical
figures

Surface 6a2 2π rh πrl 4 π r2

area

Volume a3 π r2h 1/3π r2h 4/3 π r3

 Area and volume of different geometrical figures

r
r
r/√
r r 2
l=2
r
Surface 6r2 2π r2 2π r2 2 π r2
area
=
2 π r2
(about)

Volume r3 3.14 r3 0.57π r3 0.47π r3

 Total surface Area and volume of different geometrical figures
and nature
r
r
r
r 2√2r
1.44r l=3
r
Total 4π r2 4π r2 4π r2 4 π r2
Surface
area

Volume 2.99r3 3.14 r3 2.95 r3 4.18 r3

So for a given total surface area the volume of sphere is

maximum. Generally most of the fruits in the nature are
spherical in nature because it enables them to occupy less space
Think :- Which shape (cone or cylindrical) is better for
collecting resin from the tree

Click the
 r r

V= π r2 (3r)
3r
V= 3 π r3
LongbutHeavyinweight

Long niddle will

V= 1/3π r (3r) 2
require to stick it
V= π r3 in the tree,so
LongbutLight inweight much harm in
tree
Small niddle will require
to stick it in the tree,so
little harm in tree
Bottle

Coned
shape

Cylindrical
shape
Sphere: A figure
with a curved
surface in which all
points on the Radius
surface are equal C

distance from the

center.This is an
example of the
sphere.
 Volume of a Sphere

Using relational solids and pouring material we

noted that the volume of a cone is the same as
the volume of a hemisphere (with corresponding
dimensions)
Using “math language” Volume (cone) = ½ Volume
(sphere)

Therefore 2(Volume (cone)) = Volume

(sphere)

OR =
+
 Volume of a Sphere
Using relational solids and pouring material
we noted that the volume of a cone is the
same as the volume of a hemisphere (with
corresponding dimensions)
Using “math language” Volume (cone) = ½
Volume (sphere)
Therefore: 2(Volume (cone)) = Volume (sphere)

OR =
+
 Volume of a Sphere

We already know the formula for the volume of a cone.

Volum ecylinder
Volum econe =
3

OR = ÷3
 Volume of a Sphere
AND we know the formula for the volume of a cylinder

Volume cylinder = ( Area of Base ) X (Height )

BASE Height
 Volume of a Sphere

SUMMARIZING:
Volume (cylinder) = (Area Base) (height)
Volume (cone) = Volume (cylinder) /3

= ÷3

Volume (cone) = (Area Base) (height)/3

AND 2(Volume (cone)) = Volume (sphere)

2X =
 Volume of a Sphere
2(Volume (cone)) = Volume (sphere)
2X =
2( Area of Base) (height) /3= Volume (sphere)

2( π r)(h)/3=
2 Volume (sphere)
r
BUT h = 2r h
r
2(π r )(2r)/3 = Volume(sphere)
2

4(π r3)/3 = Volume(sphere)

4π r 3 Volume of a Sphere 4 π r 3
3 3

3
4π r 
Volumesphere =
3

4 π r 3 4 π r 3
3 3
If we make a cone having radius and height equal to the
radius of sphere. Then a water filled cone can fill the
sphere in 4 times.

r
r
r

V=1/3 πr2h
V1
If h = r
then
V=1/3 πr3 V1 = 4V = 4(1/3
πr3)
= 4/3 πr3
 Volume of a Sphere Click to See
the
experiment

h=
r r
Here the vertical height
and radius of cone are
same as radius of sphere.
r 4( volume of cone) = volume of Sphere
4( 1/3πr2h ) = 4( 1/3πr3 ) = V
V = 4/3 π r3
 Summary Of Volume Formula.
r

h
b
l
V=lbh

V=∏r2 r
h

h
h
l 1
V= π r 2h
b V=½bhl 3
 You can NOT use L x W x H
to find the VOLUME of an
IRREGULAR SOLID!!!
An IRREGULAR SOLID is any
NOT box-
solid that is

shaped
Can you think of some IRREGULAR SOLIDS?

Name four things that you think are IRREGULAR SOLIDS:

 To find the VOLUME of an
IRREGULAR SOLID, you CAN use
a GRADUATED CYLINDER!

1) Measure out some water into a GRADUATED

CYLINDER.
2) Write down how much water you are starting with.
3) Place the object into the water in the cylinder.
4) Write down the NEW level of the water in the cylinder
5) SUBTRACT to find the volume of the object.
Shukran!